Public and Cultural Diplomacy - Literature review Example

THE SEMINAR LOG COMPRISES THREE SECTIONS By Presented to The seminar log comprises three sections Week 4 seminar question: PCD (public diplomacy) during the Cold War Public democracy in its numerous forms provided ample evidence as a great asset for the country in the course of the cold war. A new book on public democracy discussed the deep involvement of United States government officials over extensive periods with presumptuous policies in the course of the Soviet Union, as well as soviet dealings. These highlights emphasize the significance of the conventional aspect of the Cold War. Public diplomacy aimed at the United States part of the United States soviet trading’s, as well as giving compelling grievances and remarks concerning the soviet policy (Critchlow, 2004, p. 75). This diplomacy drew on newly restricted materials from the former soviet records. The transactions, data programs, and additional operations undertaken by the United States information and agency and the department of state played a vital part in increasing self-governing philosophies and principles within the soviet alliance. Candid and balanced were far more productive than the uncoordinated advertising that was utilized originally. The documentation of public diplomacy in the course of the cold war gives a number of significant lessons for the United States foreign legislators in the period following the cold war (Critchlow, 2004, p. 75). America’s informational crusades were active in escalating the fall of the Soviet Union and the scattering of the communist universe. Protected in a heroic philosophical strive for more than forty years, corporations like Radio Free Europe/Radio Lib­erty (RFE/RL), the voice of America (VOA), and the United States Information Agency (USIA) interconnected the principles of democracy, personal liberties, and the liberated market. Eventually the advertisement of these principles added mainly to the closely cruel disbanding of the soviet empire (Critchlow, 2004, p. 75). Week 5 seminar question: PCD (public diplomacy) in the contemporary world order The committee assigned by the United States to investigate the incidence gave a 3D approach for fighting international terrorism that apparently included factors of public democracy (Critchlow, 2004, p. 78). It claimed the need for communication and defense of American standards in the Islam community, all the way through much resilient public democracy to arrive at more individuals. The efforts of the committee at this point ought to be as robust as they were in fighting closed communities in the course of the cold war. All this is extreme, and the advertisement of American values following the significantly detested choice to invade Iraq in 2003 is debatably an unbelievably hard determination, and a highly duplicitous one at that. One approach in which an individual can argue that the United States has made developmental advancement in its public democracy is the election and actions of its present president, (Barack Obama). He made the choice of pulling battle groups out of Iraq, redeploying Taliban in Afghanistan and making multiple speeches indicating his aspiration on arriving at and authorizing the Muslim community (Critchlow, 2004, p. 79). Whether the United States has advanced suitable public diplomacy, approaches made to handle the risk from the terrorists groups are available. Nevertheless, I would argue incidences as 9/11, the London bombings of July 7th 2005, and the following perspectives and Iraq apparently depict the requirement for effectual community diplomacy on the part of the United States and its supporters (Critchlow, 2004, p. 78). Week 6 seminar question: Nation branding: opportunities and limitations There exist a number of outstanding overall geographic arrangements in the performance of nationwide brands utilizing a vast longitudinal scanner databank that extents numerous consumer-packed commodities criteria and United States marketplaces (Dinnie, 2007, p. 127). Across marketplaces, they observe that for a normally nationalized brand, the geographic difference in market places, superficial value levels, and domestic domination, is so large that it questions the idea and relevance of a national brand. Across time, the writers find that the geographic variations in market shares for nationwide brands are insistent and therefore, are accredited permanent results (Dinnie, 2007, p. 129). There ought to be a discussion on these remarkable stylized results connected to geography in the food information and beverage industries. The authors argue that geographically indexed client packed commodities information comprise of amusing data concerning permanent advertising results that provide a number of directions for additional research. Nation banding does not consistently need a promotion campaign. The objectives of nation branding are highly adverse and for a number of those objectives, the influences of promotion are likely quite restricted. For instance, when research is carried out with inward financial speculation commissions, the individuals operating in such companies do not seem to believe strongly in the power of promotion (Simonin, 2008, p. 32). Rather, they advocate face-to-face meetings and frequent interacting with potential financiers into their nation. Alternatively, the authority of promotion is likely much felt in the field of tourism advertising, where consumer ideas are perhaps more flexible than those of corporal financiers. Other significant methods of nation branding comprise of migration enlistment and community diplomacy, neither of which are promotion-oriented (Dinnie, 2007, p. 131). Week 7 seminar question: Nonstate actors and citizens in public diplomacy Particular individuals are highly significant nonstate actors. Generally, there are two kinds of persons engaged in public diplomacy: the regular naturalized citizen and celebrities. Celebrities are a novel inclination within diplomacy (Critchlow, 2004, p. 79). They utilize their authority to hold up reasons and influence governments. Normally, politicians like to be pictured with them to make their image better, and also for public diplomacy. For instance, George Clooney had the honor to tackle the United Nations Security Council concerning the genocide taking place in Darfur. It is rarely provided with access for the regular resident to approach the ultimate body for United Nations but an actor just has position and interrelations that permit him or her to do it. However, companies make use of these individuals to be the face of their reasons raising people alertness of varying problems. Nevertheless, celebrities regularly stand for companies and raise supporters for their reasons (Critchlow, 2004, p. 79). Additionally, celebrities are vital in outlining diplomacy but however nonfamous citizens have the authority to alter public diplomacy. Even though occasionally people’s demonstrations have no authority in altering strategies produced by the regime, the demonstrations in opposition to war in Iraq around the globe are a superb example (Fact monster 2007). There are a number of vital persons that were triumphant in combating for their reasons. These individuals made themselves head around the globe because of their persistency, and a number of cases include Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and martin Luther King. There were multiple adjustments within diplomacy (Critchlow, 2004, p. 79). Nevertheless, it was the surfacing of a number of nonstate actors that had the most crucial adjustment due to the fact that it outstretched mindfulness of problems that America would not be aware of in the first place. This motivates citizens to exercise a dynamic function as residents within global affiliations. Week 8 seminar question: Country Study I: The United Kingdom The United Kingdom, comprising of Great Britain, (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, is two times the scope of New York State. England is in the southeast region of the British Isles, is detached from Scotland on the North by the stonework Cheviot Hills; from them the Pennine series of highlands spreads south through the middle of England, arriving at its uppermost point in the Lake District in the northwest (Great Britain National Audit Office. 2009, p.72). To the west alongside the boundary of wales-a plot of abrupt hills and valleys, are the Ambrian Mountains, whilst the Cotswolds, a variety of hills in Gloucestershire, spread into the neighboring shires. The United Kingdom government is a statutory monarchy and legislative egalitarianism, with a queen and assembly with two houses: the House of Lords, with 574 life aristocracies, 92 heritable aristocrats, and 26 bishops; and the House of Commons, which has 651 commonly designated associates. Supreme parliamentary influence is conferred in parliament that sits for half a decade unless disbanded earlier (Fact monster 2007). The House of Lords was uncovered of the majority of its authority in 1911, and currently its main role is to review legislation. In November 1999, hundreds of aristocracies were disqualified in determination of making the organization more self-governing. The policymaking influence of the crown is implemented by the cabinet led by the prime minister (Great Britain National Audit Office. 2009, p.74). Critical Review of a Recent Report on Public and Cultural Diplomacy Recently, the twentieth century fund officially changed its title to The Century Foundation, a title for a novel millennium. The century foundation is a study that undertakes appropriate and acute reports of prominent financial, political and social institutes and problems (Great Britain National Audit Office. 2009, p.76). Nonprofit and independent, the foundation was established in 1919 and endowed by Edward A. Filene. Characteristics of the report include an overview of IGS agendas and facilitates and a staff reference book; catalogues of existing accessible monographs and functioning papers, with ordering information, and the full text of the present problem of the IGS information sheet, public activities report; a definition of the assortments and facilities of the IGS library; right to use to the IGS statewide databank, which at the present comprises of information groups of California demographic evidence and 1992 California election and a voter registering information, retrievable by county and gathering district; and internet properties arcade with acquaintances to relevant internet assets on American and California political affairs and public guiding principle, presently stressing websites on applicants and demonstrations of the 1996 election period (Fact monster 2007). Additionally, the report also argues out that some of the funding bound for NGO’s do in fact, goes to perform that slap of publicity and actually have local political envelopment. These accusations are also disapproving. In 2009, the expenditure of the unit of international development was partitioned into four varying sections so that the government could effectually monitor the dealings and confirm the reception and implementation of funds for intended purposes (Great Britain National Audit Office. 2009, p.91). England has existed as an amalgamated entity starting from the 10th century; the union amid England and wales, started in 1284 with the statute of Rhuddlan, was not acquainted until 1536 with an act blending; in an act of merger in 1707, England and Scotland settled to permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative combination of Great Britain and Ireland was executed in 1801, with the adoption of the title “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 dignified a divider of Ireland; six northern Irish counties kept on being a portion of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the existing name of the county, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was accepted in 1927. These incidences serve as the most recent public diplomacy occurrences within the country (Fact monster 2007). This is probably due to unchanged legislative structure of United Kingdom’s government. However, most recently, the internationally policy network was publicized to be based in London. The network was allegedly spending more than a billion steeling pounds of the United Kingdom government revenue of fake aid. These contentions have had a robust influence on the public and conventional diplomacy. Currently, the providing of foreign aid is a massive part of public and cultural diplomacy. Such contentions about the country’s foreign aid are not appropriate compensations their standing within the international society (Great Britain National Audit Office. 2009, p.109). The history of the country can be characterized by the cultures and traditions spelled out by the country’s interrelations and geographic wonder (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 287). The Stonehenge is such an example. The Stonehenge and other examples of primitive culture are all that remain standing of the earliest inhabitants of Britain. Roman attacks of the 1000B.C. got Britain into interaction with interior Europe. When the Roman legions withdrew in the 5th century A.D., Britain became a stress-free target to the attacking groups of Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes from Scandinavia and the low nations (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 283). The attacks had restricted impact on the Celtic persons of Wales and Scotland. Seven massive Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were founded, and the initial Britons were enforced into wales and Scotland. Up until the 10th century, the state lastly turned out to be beneath the rule of kings of Wessex. Following the demise of Edward the confessor, a difference of opinion concerning the succession rose and William, Duke of Normandy, attacked England and overpowered the Saxon king, Harold II, and the clash of Hastings. The Norman Invasion brought in Norman French law and feudalism (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 116). Critical Comparison of the Websites and Public and Cultural Diplomacy Activities of Two Embassies in London Conventional and public diplomacy is all regarding informing and manipulating foreign publics in the best benefits of the nation state and CPD operations could be categorized into 5 criteria: listening, advocacy, conventional diplomacy, exchange diplomacy and global broadcasting. Northway and Canada are comparatively small influencers in the community arena. Desire to be noticed and the correct causes is one of the vital points for petite and average authorities, and this is carried out by embassies and their websites. Operating alongside constrained reserves is another leading aspect (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 314). Depending on resourcefulness and interaction with a number of influential authorities, the limited reserves are deficient of which could guide towards coalition construction. This kind of field is what is recognizes areas worth having in these regards, the embassies. The Norwegian embassy website in London highlights is what they refer to as niche diplomacy. Niche diplomacy engaged concentrating resources in particular regions with the capacity to these embassies (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 12). The Norwegian embassy has based its website in London to call attention to unconditionally that the embassy’s leading role is to endorse Norwegian interests in the United Kingdom and additionally advances Norwegian-British associations (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 83). It discusses what every embassy section does as well as the dogmatic, financial sector, consular sector, and press information and conventional sector together with the marketable and tourism sector. It provides titles and email or cell phone contacts of liable officers. The website of the embassy also discusses the function and influence of Norway in the United Nations with distinct stress on poverty decrement globally, its influence and support in the zones of democracy and human liberties including world peace. The website also offers donation to the Norwegian embassy information sheet (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 254). Norway’s reputation for public diplomacy through the embassy is largely alongside the lines of international aid. Cooperation with the Red Cross and peace implies the existence and functioning of peace agencies (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 281). Norway is also renowned for the Nobel peace prize that plays some importance relying on how it is observed in the international scenario. Canada is another country with perceived opinion concerning international affairs in the Canadian embassy, in London. Canada is rather different since it is comparatively more recognized for its public diplomacy. The Canadian high committee embassy website in London is bilingual; spelled and designed in English and French (Fact monster 2007). The website also features numerous data about the visa and immigration, learning in Canada, transacting business dealings in Canada and about Canada, broken down into its history, economy and social understandings (Scheper-Hughes, 2004, p. 281). The website also discusses a lot about the united kingdom-Canada bilateral affiliations in a number of fields and areas including financial, political, defense and security, as well as educational and conventional. The site also provides data about the Canada-European Union affiliations. References Critchlow, J. 2004. Public Diplomacy during the Cold War: The Record and Its Implications. Journal of cold war studies. Winter 2004, Vol. 6, No. 1, Pages 75-89 Dinnie, K. 2007. Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Fact monster. 2007. United Kingdom, retrieved from http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0108078.html on 2nd may, 2012 Great Britain. National Audit Office. 2009. The British Council: Achieving Impact. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Scheper-Hughes, N. 2004. Violence in war and peace. USA, Wiley-Blackwell Seib, P.M. 2009. Toward a new public diplomacy: redirecting U.S. foreign policy. Michigan: Palgrave Macmillan Simonin, B. L. 2008. Nation branding and public diplomacy: challenges and opportunities. 32 Fletcher F. World Aff. 19 Snow, N., Annenberg School of Communications (University of Southern California) and Center on Public Diplomacy. 2009. Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy. New York: Taylor & Francis Read More