The USA Foreign Policy - Essay Example

1. Who, in Chomsky's opinion, is the main architect of foreign policy of the USA According to Chomsky, the main architects of foreign policyof the USA are transnational corporations. They define decisions of the government and the international financial institutions, and also possess sufficient opportunities for formation of public opinion in the various countries. Chomsky believes that the USA is not democracy, but polyarchy - the system operated by the elite and periodically approved by broad masses. 2. How many superpowers does Chomsky mark out in the modern world American writer Noam Chomsky in his book "Hegemony or Survival" writes about two today's superpowers: one of them is the USA with its aggressive aspiration to world supremacy, and another one is international public opinion. The author is assured that the international public opinion should try very much to understand, whether it can overcome the measures of restraint directed against it. It should start to concern seriously about such values as freedom and equity, about which it became so easy to speak, but is much more difficult to defend and put into practice. 3. What are the primary goals of global domination formulated during the post-war period that have kept their topicality up to nowadays Among the primary goals of global domination are: Containment of other centers of world influence within the limits of the existing system of world order established by the USA; Maintenance of control over the basic energy sources of the world; Prevention of undesirable, extreme displays of nationalism; Overcoming of consequences of "crises of democracy", which source is marginized part of the American society. These problems assume various forms of realization, especially in complex conditions of transition periods: the reorganization of the world economic system, which have begun in 1970; decline of development of the only resisting super state and curtailment it up to quasi colonial level of twenty years' prescription; terrorist threats for the USA at the beginnings of 1990th years, which have poured out in shocking horror on September, 11th, 2001. 4. What requirements should meet any object of preventive attack As soon as new imperial strategy has been promulgated, military propagation has become to promote militaristic moods in society for maintenance of campaign against Iraq. According to Chomsky, an object of preventive attack should meet following requirements: 1. Should be practically defenseless. 2. Should be significant enough to unleash a conflict. 3. There should be an opportunity to represent it as an embodiment of real threat for safety. Iraq met all these parameters. First two requirements were obvious, and the third one was easily achievable. 5. What were the consequences of the "Open Door" policy for Venezuela In the book Noam Chomsky writes, that the "Open Door" policy and free trade has been formulated in format of exert pressure upon Venezuela in order not to allow any partner relations with the Great Britain, thus continuing to defend and strengthen the right of the USA to oil development in the Near East. By 1928 Venezuela has become one of the main exporters of oil, and all oil-fields have been supervised by the American companies. Such policy has led to that by 2003 Venezuela represented the country with record parameters of poverty of the population, and its potential and resources have been directed for the sake of interests of foreign investors, instead of own citizens. 6. What are the main purposes of the government of the USA according to Chomsky Chomsky states that the Government of the USA tries to take advantage of a situation to promote in realization of its own purposes: militarization, including militarization of space, a code name of which is "anti-missile defense"; reduction of social democratic programs; veiling of negative consequences of "corporate globalization", polemics concerning the state of environment, health insurance, etc.; establishment of regime of promotion of concentration of the capital in hands of the few (for example, the canceling of taxes for corporations), strengthening the discipline of societies, and in prospect the eradication of public debates and protests. 7. What seems to be the main idea of the book Chomsky apparently considers that the United States is the most reprehensible of all the major powers in the world and its foreign policy is absolutely pernicious. "It has become the most belligerent power in the world. It is the greatest menace to the national self-determination of other countries. It is the greatest threat to world peace and international cooperation. And, finally, the United States is a supporter of and a perpetrator of terrorism on a grand scale against those it perceives as its enemies"1. Last years in the USA there is a plenty of the publications devoted to various scripts of development of China. And one of them considers this Asian country as a new superpower of XXI century. Others consider that China will soon run into economic destabilization, a partition of the country on separate regions, ethnic wars. The huge range in an estimation of future of China speaks that the events occurring in this country, are so ambiguous and inconsistent that give ground for the most various forecasts. Quite probably, that acquaintance to the basic tendencies in an economic and political life of China will allow understanding better the vectors of development of this largest Asian power. Economic rise in China became one of the most important events in the world in the end of the last century. For last two decades the Chinese economy has increased five times, and incomes of the population twice. The total national product of this country has reached the American level, and by estimation of World Bank, in 2010 will come out on top in the world. The base of economic successes of China were the carried out in 1980 and 1990th years reforms. Reforms have released peasants and have allowed creating private enterprises. There was a transition of China to market economy. Modernization of the country was promoted by the Confucian ethics of Chineses including respect for the seniors, to family values, a habit to diligent work. In case the present management of China will manage to prepare the successors interested in carrying out of market reforms and transformation of communistic order, China has real opportunities to achieve essential successes in business of modernization of the country. By its sizes, population, which has reached almost 1300 million people, gaining in strength economy, and huge thirst for knowledge and ancient culture, this Asian state has all the bases to be considered as a potential superpower of XXI century. We can hardly reckon that in the foreseeable future China will become the democratic state and will be practice the western values. Most likely, transformation of communistic society will lead to reorientation of an authoritative regime, in which basis will lay nationalism and Confucian values. The neighbors of China and all world community can't help being worried about how this new superpower will use the economic power and increasing influence in Asia. During history the long-term strategy of the Chinese governors developed in three basic directions: preservation of the internal order, protection of borders and maintenance of the influence in the countries located on periphery of the state. During the periods of their power the Chinese emperors put the neighbors in vassal dependence with involving the last in sphere of the Chinese civilization. China becomes an epicenter of the Asian world, the active participant of all Asian political and economic structures, it has significant influence on life of many countries of Southeast Asia, including owing to extreme powerful foreign Chinese communities. Occurrence of a new superpower in Asia is considered by many politicians and political scientists as a call and threat to the American interests in Asian-Pacific region. Last years in the USA some books have been published, which have become best sellers. Their plot was based on hypothetical war with China, by ostensibly provoked by Chinese aggression against Taiwan. On the other hand, the increasing plays the point of view, according to which Washington should support those forces in China, which try to achieve transformation of communistic order and involving of China in world political and economic community. Supporters of this point of view consider, that the USA should consider China not as the potential opponent, but as the partner, and hence to allow it to play more active role in development and stabilization of the Asian continent. Positive reaction of the Chinese management to an appeal of President Bush as for the necessity of joint struggle against terrorism testifies that the important step in searches of mutual understanding between two superpowers is already made. However in the foreseeable future it is impossible to exclude probable rivalry, or even sharp struggle between China and the United States for the influence in the Asian region. Read More