International Relations Fundamentals - Assignment Example

International Relations Fundamentals: Under Microscope Q.1 International Relations are defined as the art and science of managing political relations amongst the states that are present in the different parts of the world. The international linkages between the nations are known to be governed by two basic approaches and they are called realistic and idealist schools of thought. The basic and fundamental reason for the fabrication and development of abovementioned approaches is to devise a plan to counteract and fight Nazi Germany. However, the formerly mentioned one guided the world towards taking strong and precisely designed military action in order to neutralize the powerful state of that time. The debate was famous for happening in the mid of 1930s and 40s (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). The idealist scholars and theorists urged the world to converge and consequently resolve their issues with the help of international institutions and the elementary argument of this school of thought was the needed growth of economic and fiscal interdependencies so that econometric interests of the entire world can be streamlined. The modern world of international business is representing the practical application of historical idealist theory because nationality was believed to be the base of every war and therefore, internationalization of economic world forces the national level management towards collaboration with other countries and as a result, the traditional animosities of nations are known to degrade because greater level of globalization is taking place in the global marketplace. The nations are primarily busy in developing national level competitive advantage. The growing economic pressures in the global market are identified as the primary force that is compelling the nations to grow their collaborative efforts with other economies. The challenges of terrorism and global unemployment and recession are few instances of confronts that require global integration of resources’ deployment. Thusly, it can be argued that violent wars cannot be stopped by supporting more violence but they can be controlled via promoting trade and business because these measures have the power required to impress the humanity with fruits and benefits of collaborative existence and finally, the time is not far away when humans will embrace the idea of global citizenship. Q.2 The notion of unipolarity states that one nation or region will accumulate the power and strength to influence the cultural and value-based outlook of the entire world. The bipolarity and multipolarity tend to establish that human civilizations have different culture and societal realities and therefore, their populations’ mindset are notably different from each other. The difference in cultural norms is significantly noted to be present in case of personal and private values (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). But, corporate culture all around the world is exhibiting Americanization and therefore, the law of effort is prevailing in all parts of the world. Still, few regions are trying to keep their cultural outlook and identity intact. The cultural experts are of the view that they will eventually fail as globalization is going to eat away each and every cultural and normative difference across cultures and nations while, leaving the world with a common culture in a few decades. Therefore, according to modern way of thinking, unipolarity will become a norm in the near future and because of this reason, national and regional level conflict will further degrade. In this way, humans may learn to live peacefully as cultural differences are believed to be the major causes of conflict in humanity’s history. Q.3 The liberals believe that democratic governments come into power due to public’s voting authority and therefore, they are well aware of the fact that they are needed to go back to the masses in order to get support in the next election. The need to win the subsequent elections causes the political parties to dedicate energies towards engagement in the direction of public benefit (Walts 2010). The war is however, treated as a threat for economic development and therefore, democracies tend to avoid military confrontations at all costs whereas, they like to resolve issues with the process of political dialogue and negotiations. Q.4 The liberalism is basically based on international collaboration in acquiring resources and conflict resolution. The general idea of liberalism is based on increasing and improving mechanism to manage economic activities across the world and therefore, the concept of liberalism rejects all of the basic assumptions of realism that states that conflict should be handled with usage of force. The liberalism is of the view that disputes must be resolved in a peaceful environment and atmosphere (Walts 2010). The ideal strategies to manage international conflicts and issues are believed to be political processes governing international relations. Q.5 The Neoliberalism is known to challenge structural realism as humans’ favorite method of governance is believed to be democracy and therefore, the basic assumption and essence of modern liberalism is well-served in the political system of democracy (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). Additionally, the operationalization of structural realism is attained with the help of communism in which the control over essential resources of the economy remain under tight run of government. The Chinese economy is presently known to run under practical assumptions of communism otherwise, Soviet Union that was following communism (an ontological dimension of realism) broke down into various geographical fragments, when the government failed to fulfill its promise of maximizing public welfare. Nevertheless, Chinese government is effectively and efficiently working towards betterment of public’s life standards by attracting significant levels of per annum FDI and therefore, the greatest country in the world is surviving and thriving in the economic world of the 21st century. The human need to meet needs and wants Q.6 The English approach towards International Relations argue that global society is made of numerous number of individual nations and countries that opt to collaborate in specific areas of their society in order achieve complementary objectives and goals. Nevertheless, the featured approach is based on three basic and elementary notions. That are discussed as follows:- International System The international system is believed to be activated when two nations tend to engage in bilateral ties with long-term prospective (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). Additionally, the international relations are treated as the unit of the global community because the network of international linkages constitutes the mighty global community of nations. International Society According to experts of the field, nations are always looking to fulfill their own vested interest and in the current scenario, the countries are seeking efficient ways to attain their economic objectives (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). The companies are mainly engaged in attaining cost advantages by outsourcing their operations to other countries. World Society The notion of world society is based on the phenomenon of growing cultural and societal sameness across the borders. Under this concept, the human civilization is converging in terms of cultural and normative outlook and in few decades from now, Americanization will be prevalently evident in all parts of the world (Jackson & Sorensen 2013). The internal divisions of all the nations will initiate to follow common public administration policies of the advanced nations. Ontology of International Relations The ontology is a term that is used to refer to a specific subject that covers an identifiable topic in the vast sea of knowledge. The international relations are famous for operationalizing in the light of basic and fundamental need for collaboration in economies. However, the present system and mechanism of IR is formulated on the philosophy of liberalism that values intervention of international institutions in terms of mitigating national level conflicts. Epistemology of International Relations The term Epistemology is used to refer to the art and science of knowledge and knowing. The epistemological foundations of IR are based on the need for the economies to gain synergetic relations so that they can effectively meet their needs in various departments and then, the abovementioned ontological roots were developed in the form of liberalism and realism. Anarchy The national condition in which, governmental offices have lost their cohesion and the general public is unwilling to recognize and entertain rid of the state (Walts 2000). The anarchy is considered as a byproduct of civil war and nations are popular for breaking down into several autonomous entities after experiencing prolonged civil disturbances. References Read More