Role Transition From LPN to RN - Report Example

Role Transition from LPN to RN: A Unique Personal Experience Role Transition from LPN to RN: A Unique Personal Experience The designprocess of a mass-spectrometer whose purpose is to detect commonly smuggled illicit drugs at an airport is discussed is this paper. The paper analyses the various specifications of the design and the reasoning such that a machine can be constructed by any competent technician without reference. He / she can also gain understanding of the design and working without any reference. The mass spectrometer is expected to be able to detect ion concentrations of the common elements for all the drugs. After detection the drugs are compared with a database of chemical compounds as outlined in the paper. Generally a mass spectrometer comprises of various structures as shown below Introduction In its simplest form a mass spectrometer performs majorly three functions which are; it subjects the molecules to be analysed to random bombardment by a stream of high energy electrons hence converting some of the molecules into ions. The ions are acceleratedinan electric field by a polarized plates which occur in a series. During this process a large potential diffrence is created which ranges from 1 Kilovolt to 10 kilovolts which is applied across these accelerating plates and this produces a beam of rapidly travelling positive ions. Additionally one or more focusing slits direct these ions into a uniform beam. Most of the sample molecules are usually not ionized at all but are drawn off continuously by vacuum pumps which are connected to the ionization chamber. Some of the molecules are converted to negative ions through absorption of electrons. The negative ions are absorbed by the repelled plate and the small proportion of the positive ions formed. The repeller plate engages these destructive ions. A minor percentage of the positive ions which are made may have a charge larger than one. These are enhanced in the similar way as the individually charged positive ions. Additional, the enhanced ions are disconnected according to their mass-to-charge ratios in a magnetic or electric field by a rebound that happens by an practical magnetic field. Lastly, the ions that have a specific mass to- charge ratio are noticed by a sensor device which can tally the quantity of ions arresting it that have assigned the fixed-curved radius of twist due to the practical magnetic field Particles with mass-to-charge proportions which are either too big or too minor strike the edges of the analyser cylinder and do not touch the detector. So, either the accelerating power or the magnetic flux is endlessly diverse in order that all of the ions formed in the ionization cavity can be noticed. The detector’s production is augmented and fed to a plotter and reliant on upon the ions’ position of deflection it finally controls the form of the ions and planned respectively with the amount of ions that strike the sensor in a display to control the substance formulae of the introduced sample compound. The trace from the recorder is a mass spectrum – a graph of the amount of atoms sensed as a purpose of mass-to-charge ratio. In current instruments, the production of the sensor is served over an border to a computer. The computer can store the data, deliver the yield in both tabular and graphic forms, and equate the data to normal spectra, which are controlled in spectra archives also stored in the computer. Mass spectrometers are thus very usually used in presentations concerning documentation of unidentified compounds, enumerate recognized compounds, classify molecules current in a sample, and define the quantity of each sort of molecule by gauging the mass-to-charge ratio of electric particles Specifications To define specifications of the mass spectrometer it is significant to deliberate what materials are mandatory to be recognized, in this tool’s case; the illegal medications that are usually trafficked into the republic. Upon examination it can be strong-minded that all illicit medications have unities whether they be elements within. Thus, the mass spectrometer will be intended to chiefly notice these rudiments. Furthermore, an significant constraint to deliberate is that when an electric field, E, is practical to an sequestering solid, it can endure conduction of current until a large enough voltage is applied which can make transmission possible; this is called the dielectric failure of air. Air is well-thought-out a good insulator having a resistance to failure at an electric field strength of 3*106 V/m [1] though it is significant to reflect as large voltages may be applied in this tool and keep the electric field well below this value. The electric field applied to this device’s design was 8000V/m which is within what is necessary to hasten ions in a mass spectrometer: 1000-10000V/m Additionally, at the refraction stage of the mass spectrometer there is a solenoid used to generate a magnetic field; this means the saturation at which the magnetic material happens must be measured. Magnetic saturation is defined as a state that is normally reached when an increase in applied magnetic field, denoted as H, cannot increase the magnetization of the material any more, so the total magnetic flux density, which is usually denoted as B levels off and is followed by a rapid drop in value of H. Consequently as this is unwanted for the material as the solenoid; the copper wire to be used to in the design will be inducing magnetic flux intensity well below the 1.6T that is the saturation point for copper. The most compact dimensions possible for the mass spectrometer is also important to the design process. A proposed design for form factor of the design is that of 0.70m * 0.55m * 0.30m Design The important aspects for building a mass spectrometer and the relevant sections can be diagrammatically represented as Mass Spectrometer Component Proposed Specification (s) Power Requirements 240VDC Current Required for System 1-7.5A Number of plates 2 Plates Accelerator plate distance 0.03m Electric Field, E 8000V/m Magnetic Flux Density, Bz 0.0299-0.1771T Radius value, r 0.1m Type of Solenoid Air-Core Number of turns of solenoid 200 turns Solenoid height 0.01m Ion chamber dimensions 0.10m * 0.05m * 0.15m Mass analyser box (with electromagnet 0.40m *0.45m * 0.20m Entire system dimensions 0.70m * 0.55m * 0.30m 4 Calculations The following formulae rearranged, show how a relationship was derived that can be used to predict the mass/charge ratio of ions arriving at the; using Lorentz’ force equation, Newtonian laws of motion and Cyclotron theory in relation to the ionisation/acceleration/deflection stages of the mass spectrometer: Read More