Nursing Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Advanced Practice - Essay Example

Nursing Practice Student’s Name Institution Introduction Nursing practice plays a very vital role in providing a constant care to patients, and that has significantly improved the health outcomes. Nurses play the critical part in the provision of the primary health care. Nursing practice enables the health professionals to participate in several contexts, for instance, in the urban centers, rural and in large as well as small practices (Nettina & Nettina, 2013). They can also work with the discrete populations, for example, the refugee groups or the migrants. The nurses always help in wound management, suturing, first aid as well as emergency management, injections, the application as well as removal of the casts and prevention of health checks. They also conduct diagnostic services; provide outreach services as well as triaging of the patients for the urgent appointments (Nettina & Nettina, 2013). Pathophysiology Chosen scenario is when an individual has the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the disease is caused by the damage of airways as well as air sacs that are found in the lungs, it then leads to an individual coughing while removing mucus thus difficulty in breathing. That affects the lungs as well as the ability of an individual to breathe well. Clinical signs can either be coughing with mucus or difficulty in breathing. The damages that are caused by the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cannot be undone. Fundamental states of interminable obstructive aspiratory infection are emphysema and incessant bronchitis (Polit & Beck, 2013). Both chronic bronchitis, as well as emphysema, affects several parts of the lungs. Emphysema disease affects alveoli, by damaging the alveoli walls hence they become less elastic thus they cannot work when an individual exhale. For chronic bronchitis, the bronchioles always becomes inflamed hence they produce excess mucus, if that persists then it developed to chronic bronchitis. Causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases includes exposure to chemicals as well as second hand smokes, that is known as passive smoking, breathing smoke, for example, when cooking oils in a poorly ventilated room, and smoking. Very serious symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which only appears when the disease is in advanced stage, includes when breathing is becoming more difficult for an individual because of excess mucus production in the lungs. Other symptoms include narrowing as well as inflammation of bronchioles, wheezing while breathing, chest tightness, feeling fatigued which may be cause by the fact that the individual is experiencing insufficient oxygen, weight loss and coughing (Polit & Beck, 2013). Prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary includes avoiding smoking; smokers should stop smoking while non-smokers should never smoke, an individual should always have regular check-ups and a person should generally be proactive about his or her health. Discussion Theories of growth and development provide information about the human growth as well as development by providing sets of guiding principles as well as concepts that gives description and explaining of human development. Freud's phases of psychosexual improvement hypothesis include stages which when are finished, prompts the solid identity. If one of the psychosexual stages is not successful, fixation can always occur so as to compensate the error that took place by persistently focusing on the earlier psychosexual stage (Trawick, 2013). A person will always remain stuck in the previous stage unless the stage is corrected. Freud's phases of psychosexual improvement include a few stages that incorporate; the oral stage, in this stage, the erogenous zone in the body mouth. The age range is 1 year. The child will always interact through his or her mouth and for that reason, the rooting as well as the sucking reflex are vital in the stage. The mouth of the child is essential, in that, the child uses it for eating purposes; the child also derives pleasure from the oral stimulation by means of the gratifying activities, for example, sucking as well as tasting. Since the child wholly depend on the caretakers, through oral stimulation, the child will then develop sense of trust as well as feelings of comfort. Weaning process is the conflict in the stage; in that case, the child should be less dependent on the caretakers. The occurrence of fixation at the stage will make the child to have problems with the dependency or with aggression (Trawick, 2013). Problems that may arise or comes as a result of oral fixation include, difficulty in drinking, smoking, eating as well as nail eating. The butt-centric stage has an age scope of between 1 year to 3 years. The erogenous zone is the entrail and the bladder control. At the stage, the primary center is on the gut and additionally bladder control, the focal clash in the stage is the can preparing. That is because, in this stage, the child is expected to learn how to control the bodily needs, which will in turn lead to the sense of accomplishment as well as dependence. The success of all these solely depend on the way the caretakers are approaching the training. The caretakers are being encouraged to use praises as well as rewards for the child for the proper use of the toilet at a real time, which will in turn give a good outcome as the child will feel capable as well as productive (Trawick, 2013). That will even make the child to be productive, creative and competent in the adult stage. The phallic stage has an age scope of between 3 years to 6 years. The erogenous zone is the private parts, that is, the essential center is the private parts. At this phallic stage, the youngster begins to decide the contrast between a female individual and a male person. A male child also begins to view the father as a competitor of his mother's affection, but the child is afraid of being punished by the father. The feeling is described as Oedipus complex. While, the same feeling for a girl child is known as Electra complex, a young lady kid as often as possible experience a penis envy amid that time. The kid additionally begins to relate to same-sex guardian as a method for having other guardian (Trawick, 2013). For the young lady tyke, the penis envy dependably never gets completely determined and a young lady tyke remain by one means or another focused at the stage. At the inert period, the age reach is dependably 6 years of age to adolescence; the erogenous zone is that sexual sentiments are dormant. Amid this period, the drive hobbies are stifled. There is the advancement of personality and additionally superego that routinely add to the time of quiet. This stage dependably starts when a tyke goes to class then create inspired by the companion relationship and pastimes and additionally different hobbies. Likewise, at the stage, the tyke does a ton of investigation, the youngster ordinarily has sexual vitality yet the vitality is coordinated to different zones, for instance, scholarly interest and in addition social associations (Trawick, 2013). The stage dependably empowers the kid to build up some essential abilities in life, which incorporates relational abilities, fearlessness and also social aptitudes. At the genital stage, the age range is from puberty to death, the erogenous zone in the stage is maturing sexual interests. At the stage, a person develops a strong sexual interest in another individual who is opposite sex. The stage always begins at puberty a last for the rest of an individual's life. At the initial stages, the main focus was on a person's needs, but at this stage, the focus is on the welfare of other people or individuals. At this juncture, and the person should always be well balanced, caring as well as warm, as long as the initial stages were successful. Thus, the main aim of the stage is to create the balance between several life areas. Unsuccessful development of early stages before the genital stage can lead to pathophysiology conditions, due do underdevelopment of some tissues, organs or organ system (Trawick, 2013). For example, underdevelopment of lungs or breathing system can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and thus an individual who is suffering from such a disease requires nursing care. Safety is always a mandatory human need that is so crucial to the healthcare providers, such as nurses, for all the patients irrespective of their age groups. The Pharmacology dosage, as well as the route considerations, always vary depending on the characteristics of a particular age group. For a pre-adolescent child, the dosage is always determined to rely on the child's weight in kilograms. Adult dosage is only acceptable when a child has reached adolescence, the nurse should always be informed about any medication that is being administered, and also the nurse should always clarify or even question the unclear or possibly inappropriate medication. The oral route is the preferred route of administration is preferred for children. The liquid forms are supposed to be used when it is appropriate (Grace, 2013). The pharmacological implications involving a young child should be closely monitored to see the medication effects. Though, the absorption, as well as metabolic rates, is unpredictable Pediatric nursing always focuses on care of children together with their families in a various health care settings, such as a pre-operative and post-operative arena, hospitals and clinics. The nursing care types always range from the well-baby to the acute as well as chronic care. The Pediatric nursing too involves caring for the grieving families while they are dealing with the congenital anomalies, the sudden trauma and also devastating diagnoses (Polit & Beck, 2012). The family of the child to be operated has to sign the consent form before diagnosis. Conclusion Nursing practice is indeed a very vital practice as far as taking care of patients of all ages is concerned. Pathophysiology can lead to several severe conditions in the human body; it can as well result in death if not prevented or treated. A child undergoes several stages and experiences when growing up and if the success of initial stage directly influences the next stage, growth and development of a child always expect various milestones. Reference Grace, P. J. (2013). Nursing ethics and professional responsibility in advanced practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Nettina, S. M., Msn, A. B., & Nettina, S. M. (2013). Lippincott manual of nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2012). Resource manual for nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2013). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Trawick-Smith, J. (2013). Early childhood development: A multicultural perspective. Pearson Higher Ed. Read More