Nursing Models and Theories - Term Paper Example

Nursing Theories Student’s Name Institution of Learning Introduction One of the crucial factors that contribute to quality nursing is the number of experience years that a nurse has received in his or her career. High level of clinical performance results from numerous observing cues, experiences, and patterns recognition in relation to patient status and how to act on them. A patient may be assessed by an inexperienced nurse the same way an experienced one would, however, they are likely to give differing responses based on the subtle changes that acts as a premonition of significant fundamental aspects (Dracup, and Bryan-Brown, 2004). Novice nurses tend to learn from formal training. For example, through policies, procedures review, as well as, attending educational offerings. On the other hand, expert nurse practitioners complement formal learning with a mature knowledge base that they manage to establish over a period of years. Relevant theories  There are various theories that fall under this category. Some of these theories include the following Novice to Expert This theory was established by Dr Patricia Benner who asserted that skills and understanding development in expert nurses develops over a prolonged period of time. The skills develop on the basis of sound education and a multitude of experiences. According to her, an individual can gain skills and knowledge without necessarily learning the theory itself. She continues on to say that knowledge development in applied sciences, for instance, medical specialty, and nursing is tranquil of the time-lag of applied knowledge study. It is also the description and indulgent of the clinical cognitive content (Angela &Dianne McCormack, 2009). According to Dr Patricia Benner, novice refers to a beginner who does not have any experience and is taught general rules on how to go about a certain task. On the other hand, novice to expert theory has numerous significance features such as the nurse development levels. Novice to expert is a reflection movement from ancient abstract ideologies (Jha, Orav, Zheng & Epstein, 2008). During the development levels, each progress step depends on the past, whereby, the abstract ideologies are expanded and refined by experience that a learner acquires clinical expertise. This theory changes the expert understanding that people have on what is meant by the fact of one being an expert. That is, the theory does not put this appellation on the highly paid nurse or even the esteemed positions, but those experts who provide an exquisite nurse care. The theory also recognizes that there is poor service in nursing that result into the paradigm that results to all nursing theories established by research worker and intellectuals. It is clear from the novice to expert hypothesis that the novice to expert theory casts light on the comprehensive signification of humanly lived contents, for instance, hope. Need Theory This hypothesis was produced by Virginia Henderson otherwise called the Nightingale of Modern Nursing. The hypothesis accentuation is on the significance of expanding the freedom of a customer with a point of advancing a kept adoption among them after hospitalization. As per Virginia Henderson, nursing definition was among the first that denoted the differing traits in the middle of nursing and prescription. Medical caretakers have a kind of capacity in supporting people in the endeavor of their obligations and adding to the well-being, or its recuperation, that they would perform unassisted on the assumption of fundamental quality. Unitary Human Beings According to Martha Rogers, nursing is both a science and an art. This theory pursues to promote the symphonic interaction among the persons and the environment. This strengthens the human being’s integrity and coherence to redirect and direct interaction patterns between the environment and person in order to attain maximum health potential. The development of this abstract in this theory was influenced by a prior grounding in art and science background, along with, a keen interest in author’s space (McCutcheon, & Pincombe, 2001).There are numerous concepts in this theory which include; openness, principles, helicy, resonance and integrality. The energy field is viewed as the crucial part of both the non-living and living and which provides a way of perceiving environment and people as irreducible as a whole. The energy fields have a continuous variation in the density, intensity and extent. There are no boundaries that can be able to stop the energy flow among the environment and human beings field, which is, the openness in this theory. In this theory, Rodgers refers to health as an expression of the life process (Field, 2004). It is the behavior that comes from simultaneous and mutual interaction between human beings and environment where health and illness are formation parts of the continuum. Therefore, the numerous events that take place during the life procedures indicate the extent up to which a person is attaining his or her all-out health potential. Self-Care Theory This theory is referred to as the Known - Orem's vision of well-being that is described by wholeness in the improvement of human structures and also the real working. The physical, social and psychological interpersonal aspects are included in this theory. Orem’s main assumption in this hypothesis is that people should be self-reliant and responsible for their personal and others care within their family. A person’s potential health knowledge is important in the promotion of care behaviors. The model in this theory interlinks concepts in such a way of generating a dissimilar way of considering at a certain phenomenon. Another phase of the theory specifies when nursing is needed. According to Orem, nursing is essential when an adult is capable in the provision of continuous, effectual self-care (Shannon M. Spenceley, 2004). Orem points out numerous classifications of nursing system that facilitates in the attainment of self-health care patient requisites. Some of these classifications include: generally compensatory, moderately compensatory, and supportive-educative system. Specialized technologies are usually developed by health care members. Orem in this theory classifies two groups of technologies. The first one is interpersonal, where communication adjustments are based on age and health status. The nurse assists in the maintenance of inter group, relationship for coordinating efforts. In addition, the nurse must maintain a relationship that is therapeutic in the psychosocial light modes of functioning disease and health (Barker, 2001). The other technological category is regulatory technologies which promotes procedures of life. In this category psycho and physiological disease and health functioning modes are regulated. Therefore, nurses should advocate for human development, growth, movement regulation and position in space. The most noticeable aspect about this theory is that, it is relatively simple, however, familiar to put into practice within a wide variety of patients. Self-Care Theory and From Novice to Expert Novice to nurse theory introduces the concept that nurses grow understanding and skills on patient care over a period of time over a sound informative base and a number of experiences (Jayne & Kim, 2014). On the other hand, the self-care theory assumes that Humans are involved in continuous communication and substitution between themselves and their environments in order to continue being alive and to functional. The health care organizations has the responsibility of discovering, transmitting and developing other means of identifying needs, and making inputs into, self and others The novice to expert theory asserts that, an individual can be able to develop skills and knowledge without undergoing the theory. In the self-care theory, adults experience privations in the action form within the healthcare and others who makes life-sustaining and functional regulation activities. The novice to expert theory also states that knowledge in the nursing and medicine comprises of a time lag of practical knowledge through research, variety and clinical experience indulgence (Villarruel, Bishop, Simpson, Jemmott, & Fawcett, 2001). In the case of self-care theory, human beings’ groups, with planned relationships, assign duties for offering care to group members who have experiences on deprivations. The main aim of this move is to create essential cautious decisions concerning self and others Stages of transition  The first transition level is the novice stage; in this level the beginner does not possess any form of experience in their areas of performance. The beginner lacks confidence on how to undergo about a safe practice and he or she is in dire need of continued verbal physical prompts (Keatley, 2008). The second stage is on advanced beginner who demonstrates marginal acceptance performance due to the fact that a nurse has prior experience in definite situations. The nurse has skills and effectual in certain sections of the practice area in need of occasional supportive prompts. Competent is the third stage which is demonstrated by a nurse who has been in the health care job for around three to two years. The nurse demonstrates efficiency, coordination and confidence in his or her operations. The fourth level is proficient where a nurse under this stage is able to perceive situations as a whole other as in the context of chopped up aspects (Keatley, 2008). Nurses who are proficient understand a situation as a whole due to the capability to comprehend its significance in the context of long lasting goals. Nurses under this stage learn from experience on how to plan effectively in response of these events. At this moment a nurse is able to take note of the expected standard picture when it fails to materialize. This understanding improves the ability of the proficient nurse decision making. The final transition stage is the expert level; in this case, the expert nurse possesses the intuitive grasp of every situation in an accurate mode and handles a problem without wasteful deliberation of a wide range of unprofitable, unconventional diagnoses and solutions (Keatley, 2008). The operations of a professional are formed from a profound apprehension of the whole situation. The performance of a nurse becomes flexible and fluid with increased proficiency. It is also note able that high analytic ability skills are crucial for those conditions with which the nurse has had no prior experience. Recommendations for supporting the novice to achieve role attainment The novice should start up by learning the essential skills of nursing care and at the same time learn how to apply sound nursing principles that has been evidenced by study and demonstrated through dexterous patient care. The other major procedure is to learn on how to employ critical coherent skills in order to identify answers for complex heads. The novice nurse should also be in a position and will to absorb information, develop a positive loftiness concerning learning, and at the same time stand a better chance to digest constructive criticism, as well as, adapt to novel cultures and environments. Fresh nurse grandaunts must learn how to shift from theory to practice session by accruing hands-on enduring care which is an experience and an essential step. However, the novice should learn first principles from the founding courses. In the course of gaining hands-on, undeviating care experience, new nurse learning line is likely to improve over time (Fletchesr, & Stevenson, 2001). They should also have in mind the time it costs to acquire novel skills conforms from one person to another. In such a case, health care organizations should offer flexible aspects in their mentorship and preceptor to assist the novice nurse in skills development and training References Angela March, Dianne McCormack,(2009).Nursing Theory-Directed Healthcare, Holistic Nursing Practice, 23, 2, 75 Barker, P. (2001). The tidal model: The lived-experience in person-centered mental health nursing care. Nursing Philosophy, 2, pp.212-223 Dracup, K. and Bryan-Brown, C.W. 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Journal of Advanced Nursing 35, 342–348 Shannon M. Spenceley, (2004).Out of fertile muck: the evolving narrative of nursing, Nursing Philosophy, 5, 3 Villarruel, A. M., Bishop, T. L., Simpson, E. M., Jemmott, L. S., & Fawcett, J. (2001). Borrowed theories, shared theories, and the advancement of nursing knowledge. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(2), pp.158-163. Read More