Tobacco Smoking and Betel Quid Use among Burmese Refugees - Literature review Example

Seek, Find & Describe Research Essay Name: Institution: Seek, Find & Describe Research Essay Article 1: Health promotion in Australian multi-disciplinary primary health care services: case studies from South Australia and the Northern Territory Overview Overview refers to a general enlightenment and description about something (Chau et al, 2014). The study was carried out by research partners together with study sites to investigate the efficiency of comprehensive primary health care. This research found out and escalated focus on individual disease management and prevention, instead of addressing the social factors and related issues at community level. These results were contributed to the regular pressure faced by health promotion which results to the need to offer services to people with individualized problems. Health reorganizations were viewed as the major factor that hindered the effectiveness of health promotion in Australia. There has not been a successful heath promotion that brought a real solution to achieve effective health promotion. Aim Aim refers to the overall objective of the study. The main aim of this article was to investigate health promotion and how diseases can be prevented in Australia. It took into consideration the organizational environment and its effect on health promotion. The study aimed at getting an effective promotion work which would enhance health in the community. Samples Sample refers to a group drawn from a large population and used in a study to represent the whole population. The study involved five PHC services located in Adelaide. Another study was carried out in Alice Springs. Four out of the five were supervised by the department of health and two were managed by boards of governance. The study involved audit activities and 68 interviews were performed on the staff (Baum et al, 2013). Methods Research methods refer to the processes utilized in data and information collection for the role of making various decisions (Sunderland et al, 2014). At the study sites, the services varied depending on; magnitude; governance; the type of population under study; the work setting, and the work focus. This study was a five-year project; hence, it reflects on health promotion reports between the years 2009-2010. 7-15 interviews were carried out with managers and other management staff. A total of 68 interviews were carried out. Most of the interviewees had an experience in the PHC sector of not less than 30 years. The schedule of the study was managed by three practitioners and one administrator and necessary changes were frequently made to minimize wording and study duration. Findings Findings refer to principal outcomes obtained form a research project (Davies et al, 2014). The report found out that the services offered fell under three categories; children and parent program; chronic disease prevention; and mental health promotion. The overall findings suggested that the disease prevention work was given more focus than the disease prevention work; however, each centre carried out some salutonegic work. These work included; community education; advocacy for living circumstances improvement; and primary prevention (Baum et al, 2013). Discussion The purpose of discussion is to give an interpretation and description on the significance of research findings (O’Hara et al, 2012). The study revealed that every PHC sites carried out some level of disease prevention work and very little disease prevention activity. Most interviewees confessed that they would wish to carry more health promotion activities but were faced with the pressure to deal with immediate demand for curative services. Conclusion Conclusion refers to a judgment reached by reasoning (Spenceet et al, 2013). This study was carried out during a time of important heath reorganization in Australia. Health promotion does not flourish on an uncertainty environment. It requires careful tactical planning and it cannot be achieved in effectively in an environment of constant reorganization. The high demand for curative work means that the curative work is easier to carry out compared to preventive work. Health promotion could be successfully achieved if the role of PHC is strengthened in the health promotion. The study indicated that PHC are involved in a wide variety of disease prevention activities and could form a good basis for successful health promotion. Article 2: A Qualitative Study on Tobacco Smoking and Betel Quid Use among Burmese Refugees in Australia Overview This report involved a qualitative study which was carried out among Burmese refugees in Wollongong Australia. It investigated the beliefs of those involved in tobacco smoking and chewing of betel quid. The research found out that those involved in smoking had full knowledge of the health consequences but had no support to quit smoking. Aim The aim for this study was to explore the beliefs and experiences of Burmese refugees in Wollongong and to find ways to guide the addicts towards tobacco independence. Samples Three focus groups were carried out among the Burmese refugees. It involved ten semi-structured interviews which were carried out on service providers among the Burmese refugees. Qualitative report analysis was utilized in categorizing the question responses (Furber et al, 2013). Methods Invitations were made to the Burmese people to focus groups by the project investigator and a multicultural staff. It involved three focus groups and one face-to face interviews which were conducted among the Burmese refugees in Wollongong. The interview guide for the focus groups involved knowledge queries and the possible support required for effective quitting of tobacco smoking. It resulted to concern on betel quid chewing due to its close association with tobacco smoking. Focus groups ran for not more than 90 minutes, and interpreters interpreted the responses. Participants were offered gift vouchers of $20 for their involvement. Independent initial coding had previously been performed by three researchers, who identified various potential themes intrinsic of the data. Consensus on a list of key themes was then generated which were used to record the interview data. Ten semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews were carried out by service providers such as teachers, heath care workers, and the refugees themselves. The questions in the interviews included; the smoking behavior of the Burmese refugees; the use of betel quid; and possible solutions for promotion of smoking cessation. Interviews lasted for less than 30 minutes. Ethical approval for the project was given by the University of Wollongong (Furber et al, 2013). Findings From the focus groups, there were a total of 31 participants. Out of the total participants, 19 were males and 12 were females. The first focus group included six male Burmese community heads; both the second and the third focus groups involved 12 participants each who included both male and females. There include only one face-to-face interview which included a woman. Majority of the participants in this project were mainly from Karenni or Chin ethnic groups. All participants raged between 19-65 years of age. Participants were aware of the health consequences associated with tobacco smoking. However, majority of the participants were not aware of the heath risks associated with the betel quid (Furber et al, 2013). Discussion From the results, majority of the tobacco smokers are aware of the health risks involved but are still involved in the act. On the response to the question on quitting, most participants were unaware of the available services. This lack of knowledge results from inadequate lessons campaigns and groups that are aimed at educating the community in attempts to keep the society safe. Majority of participants argued that they would find advice to quit smoking by their doctor very significant. Betel quid comprised of bête nut, limestone paste and was used by both men and women. Most of the users were not aware of the health risks associated with betel quid usage. The results showed that public health promotion had partially failed in its part (Furber et al, 2013). Conclusion There ought to be a public heath strategy that aims at changing social climate and promote healthy lifestyle amongst the Burmese people. Introduction of lessons and campaign groups which aim at educating the community concerning the health risks of tobacco dependence would be of great significance. Rehabilitation services ought to be made easily accessible and affordable for the Burmese people in Wollongong. Also, health practitioners should advice patients on quitting tobacco dependence. Article 3: An Exploratory Investigation amongst Australian Mothers Regarding Pharmacies and Opportunities for Nutrition Promotion Overview This study was carried out to investigate mothers’ anticipations and experiences of pharmacy based on heath care. The study was carried out in Queensland, Australia on mothers in the early year’s life-stage. The project found out that the mothers expected advisory information to be available; however, it was not always the case. Improvement and reorientation of pharmacy staff may lead to improved and supportive guidance offered to mothers in this set up. Aim During the early year’s life-stage, mothers and babies ought to optimize nutritional heath and prevention action. This study aimed at exploration of mothers’ expectations and experiences on pharmacy based healthcare. Also, the study aimed at exploring attitudes and suggestions concerning opportunities and the extent of nutritional heath promotion in pharmacy (Maher et al, 2013). Samples Purposive sampling was utilized; it included women with mixed socio-economic attributes. The study involved; a major city; inner regional; and outer regional. Very remote areas were excluded in the study. The authors approached women during child pick up times at every recruitment places. Each woman had to have a child of less than five years old. Before the interview participants were given calls for rapport development before the interview. Sampling was over when the required criteria were met. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interview method was utilized in provision of an opportunity of obtaining the required information. The interviews needed the mothers to reflect with hindsight their past experiences. They were required to provide future insights and proposals. Questions involved participants’ experiences, beliefs in community pharmacy staff, and pharmacy setup. Interviews were audio recorded for accuracy purposes. The questions involved were open ended and enabled researchers to explore the areas of interest. Telephone interviews took place at the time most suitable for the respondent; they did not take longer than 60 minutes. The participants were requested to provide information on how frequently they visited a pharmacy, body mass, and height; they were used in data categorization (Maher et al, 2013). Findings A total of 28 woman participated in the study. Participants ranged between 20-42 years of age. The family size was diverse. Participants frequently visited the community pharmacy to access sickness related info4mation and products. Convenience was the major factor which predominated to the reason for selecting specific pharmacies. The women’s expectation was to acquire general health guidance and information. Majority of the participants supported the idea of pharmacies involvement in nutritional promotion. However, some believed that there is no connection between nutrition and pharmacy practices. According the majority, pharmacies ought to provide nutrition guidance and improve the expertise level of the pharmacists. Participants also pointed out lack of privacy in pharmacy setting (Maher et al, 2013). Discussion Findings from this study indicate that mothers are frequent users of the pharmacies. The major expectation of the mothers is drug roles, but heath promotion advice is inconsistently offered by the pharmacists. Opportunities for health promotion in pharmacy, according to this study, are inadequate. Nutrition advice and information could be incorporated into the current pharmacy services for creation of a supportive community. Community pharmacy ought to be a setting for nutritional guidance, sustenance, and promotion (Haas & Haines, 2014). Conclusion Heath promotion implementation requires a clear understanding of community perspectives to ensure suitable fit. Mothers during early years phase tend to be frequent visitors of pharmacies. Their primary need is to acquire medical products; however, there ought to be availability of advice and guidance concerning various issues such as nutrition. Pharmacy is a broad accessible health care set up that may play a significant role in nutritional heath promotion during pregnancy and early-years period (Francis et al, 2012). References Baum, F., Freeman, T., Jolley, G., Lawless, A., Bentley, M., Värttö, K., & Sanders, D. (2013). 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Exploring health promotion practitioners’ experiences of moral distress in Canada and Australia. Global health promotion, 1757975914532505. Spence, A. C., McNaughton, S. A., Lioret, S., Hesketh, K. D., Crawford, D. A., & Campbell, K. J. (2013). A health promotion intervention can affect diet quality in early childhood. The Journal of nutrition, 143(10), 1672-1678. Read More