Relationship between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer - Essay Example

Literature Review: Relationship between Vasectomy and Pro Cancer 2.0 The Literature Review The Literature Review Table Citation Type of Study Design Type Framework/Theory Setting Key Concepts/Variables Findings Hierarchy of Evidence Level Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012) Type of Study: Observational Design Type: Case Control Study Framework/Theory: Working Hypothesis The United States Relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy The experimental evidence that was attained about the relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy was associated with a low level of quality. Several biases with respect to the sources. The sources attempted to overestimate the effect of vasectomy 1 Tang L, Jiang, H & Chen Q. (2009) Type of Study: Observational Design Type: Case Control Study Framework/Theory: Working Hypothesis The United States Relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy There is no relevant evidence that would justify an existing relationship between a prostate cancer and vasectomy 2 Rormann, Platoo and Platz (2005) Type of Study: Observational Type of Study: Cohort Study Framework/Theory: Working Hypothesis The US Relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy There is a significant relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer among men that are forty years at the time of vasectomy 3 Witwer (2010) Type of Study: Observational Design Type: Cohort Study Framework/Theory: Working Hypothesis Denmark and US Relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy There is no significant relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer; however, the follow-up was not adequate to rule out the relationship between a vasectomy and prostate cancer. 4 Klitsch (2009) Type of Study: Observational Design Type: Systematic Reviews Framework/Theory: Formal Hypothesis The US Relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy mixed evidences from researchers 5 Introduction This section is determined to examine the past researches regarding the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer. Among the scholars that have carried out similar researches in the past include Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012). Tang, Jiang and Chen (2009) are also among the researchers that executed the research that attempts to find the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer. This section would also review the works of Klitsch (2009), Rormann, Platoo and Platz (2005), and Witwer (2010). The Past Researches Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012) identified the status of vasectomy via interviews; most of the interviews involved telephoning, administration of questionnaires, the use of the healthcare centres registries, as well as the physical interview by nurses. Among the participants of the research included patients that had experienced the vas deferens’ surgical operation. In order to control the cases study various controls were taken into account; these included individuals that were diagnosed with skin and lung cancer. Other conditions such as digestive disorders and rehabilitation problems, as well as the neighbours of the patients were also treated as the controls of the case study (Bernal, Latour and Gomez, 2012). However, as regards they made decisions regarding the relevance of the primary studies, Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012) do not point out the modality of selecting the papers for a review. The quality of the methodology was evaluated by taking into consideration a number of threats that are likely to be absent or present with respect to the validity. Among the threats included misclassifying of a disease and inadequacy of selecting the controls. Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012) carried out an observation on a population of 221,238. Out of this population, 14,334 were categorized under case-control studies, while 206,904 fell under the cohort studies; there were nine case-control studies, and five cohort studies. Following the research, Bernal, Latour and Gomez (2012) claimed that the experimental evidence that was attained regarding the relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy was characterized by a low level of quality. It was identified that there are several biases with respect to the sources; the sources attempted to overestimate the effect of vasectomy. In this respect, the evidence that was experienced does not advocate for a change in the family planning; this is due to lack of justified evidence. Similarly, the evidence does not indicate whether individuals who have experienced the vas deferens surgical operation are at a high risk of developing a prostate cancer. Tang, Jiang and Chen (2009) conducted a research to find out whether there is an association between a prostate cancer and vasectomy. Tang, Jiang and Chen (2009) conducted a research that incorporated the cohorts (individuals that had undergone vasectomy) and the controls (individuals that had not experienced vasectomy in their lifetime). The researcher attempted to avoid all types of biases, such as inadequacy of the controls (Tang, Jiang and Chen, 2009). The researcher was also keen to verify other researches that were performed in the past. However, the research did not find any association between vasectomy and prostate cancer (Tang, Jiang and Chen, 2009). According to the researcher, there were instances of experiencing a prostate cancer among individuals that had not undergone vasectomy. With respect to the researcher’s conclusion, there was no relevant evidence that would justify an existing relationship between a prostate cancer and vasectomy (Tang, Jiang and Chen , 2009). In this respect, Tang, Jiang and Chen (2009) assert that the adult male who have undergone the vasectomy are not at a high risk of developing a prostate cancer; additionally, the researchers do not advocate for any changes as far as family planning is concerned (Tang, Jiang & Chen, 2009). Does vasectomy in adult males increase the risk of experiencing a prostate cancer in the old age? The question is imperative as far as the nursing practice is concerned. Firstly, the public would understand whether the second most fatal health condition is associated with vasectomy or not. Secondly, the research would boost confidence among individuals that prefer vasectomy to other forms of family planning. Rormann, Platoo and Platz (2005) carried out a research to find the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer. The research was carried out between 1996 and 2004; the research established seventy-eight prostate cancer cases among 3,373 male individuals who were thirty-years and above (Rormann, Platoo and Platz, 2005). The 3,373 completed filling the questionnaires. The research found out that there was a significant relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer among men that were forty years at the time of vasectomy (Rormann, Platoo and Platz, 2005). Witwer (2010) carried out a research to find out the relationship between vasectomy and prostate and testicular cancer. The study was carried out in Denmark and the US. In the US, the study found out that prostate cancer was likely to affect individuals had a vasectomy when younger than forty years old; however, there was no strong association between a vasectomy and prostate cancer (Witwer 2010). In Denmark, the study on seventy-four thousand showed no significant relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer (Witwer 2010). However, Witwer (2010) argues that the follow-up was not adequate to rule out the relationship between a vasectomy and prostate cancer. Klitsch (2009) is among the scholars that carried out a research on the relationship between a vasectomy and prostate cancer. Klitsch (2009) studied various researches to conclude on the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer. One of the researches indicated male individuals who had had vasectomy were fifty-six percent more likely to experience prostate cancer than men who did have a vasectomy (Klitsch 2009). Another research which involved nurses found out that men who had had a vasectomy were 56% more likely to suffer prostate cancer than their counterparts who had had not experienced a vasectomy (Klitsch 2009). A different research carried out in New Jersey, Atlanta and Detroit revealed that there was insignificant relationship between prostate cancer and vasectomy. Due to mixed evidences, Klitsch (2009) suggested there is a need for further research to identify the relationship a vasectomy and prostate cancer. Conclusion The research on the relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer would health centers would understand whether they are practicing ethics as far as therapy and other healthcare practices are concerned; this is due to the fact that health officers are advised to carry out their practices with a view of improving the health condition. In this regard, the findings regarding the correlation between vasectomy and prostate cancer would be significant to the health ministry, private and public health centers, as well as the public. References Delgado, E., Perez, J. & Lopez, L. (2012). The association between vasectomy and prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Fertility And Sterility, 70(2), 191-200. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/detail?sid=327c5548-7faf- 4cbb-a732- 1a6b01b9dbd6%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=112&bdata=JnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d# db=dah&AN=DARE-11998001380 Klitsch, M. (2009). Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer: More Questions than Answers. Family Planning Perspectives, 25(3), 133. Retrieved from http://media.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/media/pq/classic/doc/1648811/fmt/pi/r ep/NONE?hl=vasectomies%2Cvasectomy%2Cprostates%2Cprostate%2Ccancers%2Cca ncer&cit%3Aauth=Klitsch%2C+Michael&cit%3Atitle=Vasectomy+nd+prostate+cancer %3A+More+questions+than+answers&cit%3Apub=Family+Planning+Perspectives&cit %3Avol=25&cit%3Aiss=3&cit%3Apg=133&cit%3Adate=May+1993&ic=true&cit%3A prod=ProQuest+Central&_a=ChgyMDE0MDcwNzE4MTAzNTk0MTo1MjMzOTASBT k1MTAyGgpPTkVfU0VBUkNIIg43NC4xMTYuMTU3LjIxMCoFMjc1MTUyCTIyND U1Njg0MzoNRG9jdW1lbnRJbWFnZUIBMFIGT25saW5lWgJGVGIDUEZUagoxOTkz LzA1LzAxcgoxOTkzLzA1LzMxegCCATJQLTEwMDcxMDctMTQ4NzItQ1VTVE9NR VItMTAwMDAwMzkvMTAwMDAwMjAtMTE2ODU1N5IBBk9ubGluZcoBSk1vemls bGEvNS4wIChXaW5kb3dzIE5UIDYuMjsgV09XNjQ7IHJ2OjkuMC4xKSBHZWNrby8 yMDEwMDEwMSBGaXJlZm94LzkuMC4x0gESU2Nob2xhcmx5IEpvdXJuYWxzmgIH UHJlUGFpZKoCKE9TOkVNUy1QZGZEb2NWaWV3QmFzZS1nZXRNZWRpYVVyb EZvckl0ZW2yAiYyMDE0MDcwNzE4MTAzNTk0MTo1MjMzOTA6MTQwNDc1Njk4 NjQwN7oCMlAtMTAwNzEwNy0xNDg3Mi1DVVNUT01FUi0xMDAwMDAzOS8xM DAwMDAyMC0xMTY4NTU3ygIPQXJ0aWNsZXxGZWF0dXJl0gIBWeICAOoCAPIC AA%3D%3D&_s=07mehBWnnwtiS9GDCwhpKcgkUqg%3D Rohrman, S., Paltoo, D. & Platz, E. (2005). Association of Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer among Men in a Maryland Cohort. Cancer Causes and Control, 16, 1189-1194. Retrieved from http://media.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/media/pq/classic/doc/922439461/fmt/p Tang, L, Jiang, H & Chen, Q. (2009). Vasectomy not associated with prostate cancer: a meta‐analysis. National Journal of Andrology, 15(6), 545-550. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/detail?sid=5d36b66d-c2c3- 42129d3ff6312b806508%40sessionmgr113&vid=1&hid=112&bdata=JnNjb3BlPXNpdU %3d#db=dah&AN=DARE-12009108852 Witwer, M. (2010). Vasectomy Appears Unlikely to Raise Men’s Chances of Developing Either Prostate or Testicular Cancer. Family Planning Perspectives, 27(2), 95. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/224558299/9C9C024377041 3FPQ/4?accountid=14872 Read More