Increased on the Surface of Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells - Research Paper Example

? The nursing article under review is Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pili Bind to AsialoGM1 Increased on the Surface of Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells, by Lisa Saiman and Alice Prince. The title of the article is fairly clear; Saiman and Alice ( 1993)the author introduces the term cystic fibrosis Tran’s membrane conductance regulator in the introduction of the text (p.1875), and therefore giving less meaning to the term cystic fibrosis epithelial cells on the title (. To remove confusion on the expectation of the reader concerning the title and the introductory part, the author could have used the later in developing his title, since it is the basis of the articles introduction. There the term cystic fibrosis epithelial cells can only be understood after the reader has read the entire section of the paper. The title contains the population and the variable. The term Pseudomonas aeruginosa depicts the variable of the research while cystic fibrosis epithelial cell is a population. In my own opinion, the authors of the article should restructure the title to lay an emphasis on the surface increase of pseudomonas aeruginosa on cystic fibrosis. The two terms are used interchangeably throughout the article. The title contains 17 words and therefore it is not appropriate. The required length of a journal article should be 12 words and for a nursing article, the recommended length should be 8 words. Researcher Qualifications: The authors of the article are employees of Columbia University, department of physicians and surgeons. However, no information is provided on the author’s ability to conduct research on the mentioned field and their educational qualifications. After conducting internet research on the qualifications of the two authors, it was noted that Lisa Saiman has a master’s degree in Public Health from Mailman School of Public Health, University of Columbia, and Alice Prince has a master degree in Pharmacology from the University of Columbia. In conducting this study, the two researchers got a grant from National Institute of Health. Abstract: The length of the abstract is sufficient, it has 210 words, and the recommended limit is 200 words. The abstract contains the major findings of the study and the hypotheses. For example, the abstract concludes by the statement that qualitative and quantitative differences in the sialylation of superficial glycolipids in CF epithelial cells may contribute to the colonization of CF lung by P.aeruginosa. This creates suspense on the reader and a desire to read more of the article. Introduction: The introduction provides sufficient information concerning the study since it identifies the significance of the study. This is portrayed in last paragraph where Saiman and Prince (1993) identify the purpose of the research as to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in increasing the surface of CF respiratory epithelial cells (p. 1875). The introduction outlines the contents of the study, and it identifies various terms used in the study. Terms such as cystic fibrosis trans membrane and pulmonary failure are identified. The major weakness of the introduction is that it doesn’t identify the methods of conducting the study and the problem statement. The purpose of the study is clearly identified in the introduction that is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in the surface increase of CF respiratory epithelial cells. The authors have used the population and the variable of the title in the introduction and the body of the article. For instance, P. aeruginosa has been identified as the basis of the articles research in the introduction (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p.1876), and they give the properties of the medical condition. The authors have succeeded in highlighting how P. aeruginosa affects C.F epithelial cells by increasing their surface. Basing on this, the authors have succeeded in integrating the population and its variable in the text. Review of the Literature: The article does not have a section labeled literature review, however, in the introduction part of the paper, the authors have used the term various “studies” to denote that they have used other sources in coming with the results of the study. A major weakness in this is that they do not mention the studies they are quoting in the introductory part; therefore it is difficult to know the source of their literature review.The main body of the article contains in text citations, made using APA format and the references used total to 29. There is no evidence of direct quotes from the article but paraphrases and all the primary sources used in the article have been properly cited and referenced. The oldest cited reference is an article by Chernick and Barbaro written in 1963 and it is a study on human tracheobronchial. The most recent article is a 1992 article by Cacalano, Saiman and Prince which talks of the production of P.aeruginosa and gene regulation. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework and Assumptions: This article contains clearly labeled theoretical framework section and the framework seems appropriate since no framework from nursing libraries could be located to guide the production of this particular kind of study. From the study, there are three assumptions made by the two authors. The first assumption is that the colonization of P. aeruginosa leads to chronic infection which eventually results to the destruction of the lungs and the failure of the pulmonary system.The second assumption is that epithelium properties attributable to CFTR dysfunction are factors that contribute to pulmonary failure and the colonization of P. aeruginosa. The final assumption is that cystic fibrosis epithelial cells contains less sialylated glycolipids than normal cells and therefore produce higher numbers of receptors which makes it possible for the attachment of P.aeruginosa (Saiman and Prince, 1993, 1877). Limitations of the Study: The authors have not provided challenges and limitations they encountered while conducting this study. However on critical analysis of the article, one main limitation of the study is failure to identify the specific receptors for P. aeruginosa for mucin. The authors highlight the importance of Pili as an adherent in the colonization of P.aeruginosa (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p. 1878), but are not sure of this role and this makes the study a little bit un reliable. Another limitation is the sample size used. The authors failed to highlight the methods used in identifying the sample sizes, such as convenience sampling and power analysis, and therefore the greatest weakness of the study is failure to identify power analysis as a means of sample size determination. This study is a retrospective study therefore the term limitation of the study is appropriate. Hypotheses: Based on the nature of the framework of the study, no hypothesis was provided and the literature of study provides little information upon which to develop an hypotheses and basing on figure 4, eight hypotheses were tested, even though they are not mentioned in the literature. These comparisons were made in the analysis of asioloGM1 and GM1 on the surface of primary CF and NHNP epithelial cells. Definition of the Terms and Research Design and Setting: The variables that need to be defined are Pili Bind, asioloGM1 and Cytosis Fibrosis epithelial cells. However, they have failed to define the mentioned variables.The structure of the design is retrospective because Saiman and Prince (1993) have begun by introducing the dependent variable, Isogenic Pil mutant, a strain of P.aeruginosa as a resistance to phage PO4 (p.1876). This is a property of retrospective design because it identifies a dependent variable in the present system and highlights its malfunctions in the past. Pil mutant is a dependent variable, and it resists the functioning of PO4, causing body malfunctions. The researchers have collected past data on Pseudonas Aeruginosa and equated them to the present malfunctioning of Cytosis Fibrosis Epithelial Cells and the setting of the research was in a medical laboratory. This is because the laboratory provides facilities for effective observation of the research, and a favorable atmosphere where cells can be kept alive. Population and Sample: The target populations for the study are cystic fibrosis epithelial cells and a sample of the cell was accessible. The two researchers identified the samples clearly, for example, they identified the cell to be used as Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells and the variable as Pili Bind and asioloGM1. The sample size for the research could not be determined since power analysis was not used while conducting the study. During gathering of data and conduction of the experiment, the researchers were supported by S. Lory and J. Sadoff who provided strains and materials for use (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p.1880). Technical assistance came from H. Park and Al. Awqaiti. Data Collection and Analysis: There is no evidence on who collected the books and the samples used in this research. It appears that data may have been collected by the two researchers and no time frame of data collection is given. However the origin of the samples used is identified, and they originated from the University of Washington, and this is in respect of P.aeruginosa samples. There is no evidence to suggest the methods of data collection used and the instruments used in collecting data. The two researchers have clearly explained the results of their research and data use. By use of the data collected, they have proved that P. aeruginosa is a major adhesin in the pathogenesis of the respiratory tract. The statistics used in providing this information is descriptive. The two authors by use of graphs and diagrams describe how the mention adhesin affects the respiratory tract of human beings. Discussion of Findings and the Conclusion: In analyzing the results of their study, the two researchers cited other sources in addition to the research they conducted. They equate the results of their study as consistent to the results of Ramphal et al (1991) in their study of adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p. 1879), and in relation to the theoretical framework of the study, the researchers do not refer back any framework in use for their study. They do not provide a conclusion but they engage in a discussion based on their findings and other literature concerning epithelial cells and P. aeruginosa. They provide recommendation for further research in the area and the implications of such research including theirs in the study of this field. Implications and Recommendations: The implications of this study are numerous. The first implication is a conclusion that more research is needed on P. aeruginosa and how to contain its harmful effects on human beings. This is a challenge to the medical fraternity, since there research was unable to come up with a decisive conclusion. Though indirectly, the two researchers challenge medical scientists to establish how CFTR dysfunction directly or indirectly associates itself with levels of protein and glycolipid sialylation (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p. 1879). This study has a broad implication for many areas of nursing such as nursing education, administration and practice. In administration, the nursing fraternity should support the conduction of research in areas highlighted by the text, and nurses should be trained on how to deal with the mentioned medical condition. The lag time of publication of this article is 1993 to 1994 and to nursing students, this article is easy to understand and its concept simple to grasp. The use of graphs, tables and figures in the article is effective in describing the ideas being argued and interpreting the results of the research. In conclusion, this is a well-structured article, with proper identification of the scope of the conducted research. The authors have partly achieved the objective of their study, which is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P.aeruginosa. The researchers have also properly used APA citation techniques, and all in text citations are in the references section and due to these facts, I will strongly recommend a colleague to read it. References Saiman, L., & Prince, A. (1993). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pili Bind to AsialoGM1 Which Is Increased on the Surface of Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Cells. The American Society of Clinical Investigations, 92(10032), 1875-1880. Read More