HIV in Nursing - Annotated Bibliography Example

? HIV in Nursing Annotated Bibliography HIV in Nursing Annotated Bibliography Density of Healthcare Providers and Patient Outcomes: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Multi-Site HIV Treatment Program in Uganda Bakanda, C., Birungi, J., Mwesigwa, R., Zhang, W., Hagopian, A., Ford, N. & Mills, E., 2011 The role of nurses in supporting people with HIV is critical. In fact, it seems that nurses are quite necessary for promoting therapies that can help people with HIV to face the disease. The study of Bakanda et al. (2011) explores the importance of nurses in delivering healthcare services to people with HIV. The study refers to a treatment program available to people with HIV in Uganda. Bakanda et al. (2011) have used data released by the AIDS Support Organization (Bakanda et al. 2011). The site of the above organization in Uganda has collected data addressing a series of issues related to HIV in Uganda, such as: the number of healthcare providers per patient and the number of patients who managed to follow strictly the guidelines of healthcare providers in regard to the HIV treatment program (Bakanda et al. 2011). The above data were used for calculating a range of ratios, such as ‘nurse-patient ratio’ (Bakanda et al. 2011). Bakanda et al. (2011) aim to show that the number of healthcare providers working in this field affects the progress of the treatment provided to people with HIV. It has been proved that there is a close link between the number of healthcare providers involved in the program and the outcomes of the treatment. The particular study is quite important because of the following fact: it highlights the value of healthcare providers, including nurses and medical staff of other duties, in facing HIV. It is assumed that by increasing the number of nurses working on HIV-treatment programs a state can increase its effectiveness in controlling the expansion of HIV across the local population. The financial aspects of such initiatives should be, however, taken into consideration. The study of Bakanda et al. (2011) reveals that the inability to locate adequate healthcare providers, including nurses and physicians, can result to the failure of a HIV-treatment program even if existing infrastructure is of high quality. A clinician-nurse model to reduce early mortality and increase clinic retention among high-risk HIV-infected patients initiating combination antiretroviral treatment Braitstein, P., Siika, A., Hogan, J., Kosgei, R., Sang, E., Sidle, J., Wools-Kaloustian, K., Keter, A., Mamlin, J. & Kimaiyo, S., 2012 The study of Braitstein et al. (2012) focuses on the following issue: can the use of nurses in promoting HIV-treatment programs cover gaps resulted by poor resources in a healthcare setting? The specific issue seems to be of particular importance specifically in areas where antiretroviral treatment is available to people with HIV. Braitstein et al. (2012) aim to prove that even when the resources available for the treatment of AIDS are poor, still the success of the treatment provided to people with HIV can be successful under the terms that appropriate skilled healthcare providers participate in the particular scheme. Braitstein et al. (2012) have used a series of routine clinical data (Braitstein et al. (2012). The specific data have been analyzed using a retrospective analysis technique (Braitstein et al. 2012). The data are related to about 140,000 patients, adults and children, with HIV in western Kenya (Braitstein et al. 2012). The patients have participated in a program aiming to support the control of AIDS in the specific area. The programme, named as ‘Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare’ (Braitstein et al. 2012), has been established for monitoring the progress of the treatment of people with HIV in western Kenya. A ‘combination - antiretroviral treatment (cART)’ (Braitstein et al. 2012) has been provided to the members of the programme. It has been proved that the development of emergency-assessment clinics based on nurses can help towards the reduction of mortality in people with HIV (Braitstein et al. 2012). The study of Braitstein et al. (2012) proves that nurses can be used for supporting the performance of HIV-treatment programmes in areas where the resources available are poor, a fact that can threaten the success of such programmes, either in the short or the long term. A systematic review of task- shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa Callaghan, M., Ford, N. & Schneider, H., 2010 The study of Callaghan, Ford & Schneider (2010) presents the potential effects of task shifting on HIV treatment. Reference is made specifically to Sub-Saharan Africa. The particular region, as most African regions, faces an important problem: staff available for the provision of treatment to people suffering from AIDS is not adequate. As a result the quality of this treatment is often of low quality. Callaghan, Ford & Schneider (2010) note that task - shifting is often used in these regions as a means for facing problems resulted because of poor resources in HIV treatment. Callaghan, Ford & Schneider (2010) have not used an empirical research. Rather, they developed a systematic review of the literature. About 84 studies were reviewed, among the 2960 initially chosen, in order to check the effects of task shifting on the quality of HIV treatment when resources are poor. It was proved that task shifting can highly improve the quality of HIV treatment (Callaghan, Ford & Schneider 2010). Moreover, it has been proved that task shifting should be rather used instead of a ‘physicial-centered model’ (Callaghan, Ford & Schneider 2010) in clinical settings focusing on HIV treatment. The study of Callaghan, Ford & Schneider (2010) further verifies the importance of the involvement of nurses in HIV treatment programmes, especially in countries where the resources available for developing these programmes are poor. A ‘good hospital’: Nurse and patient perceptions of good clinical care for HIV-positive people on antiretroviral treatment in rural Zimbabwe—A mixed-methods qualitative study. Campbell, C., Scott, K., Madanhire, C., Nyamukapa, C. & Gregson, S., 2011 The intervention of nurses in the HIV – treatment programmes has a series of forms. Nurses can participate either in the initial phases of these programmes, offering to patients psychological or medical support, or in latter phases of the programmes, checking the progress of patients in regard to the programme involved in each case. Campbell et al. (2011) have explored the forms and the impact of nurses’ intervention in these HIV treatment programmes. Reference is made to healthcare sites in Zimbabwe. The study of Campbell et al. (2011) is based on a mixed – methods qualitative study (Campbell et al. 2011). More specifically, data were collected through three different research methods: ethnographic observation, interviews and focus groups. The data retrieved through the above methods have been analyzed using an appropriately customized content analysis (Campbell et al. 2011). It has been proved that under certain terms patients and nurses may have different view in regard to the progress of the treatment. Still, patients are influenced by the behavior of nurses; when nurses show understanding and support, patients tend to reflect positively to the treatment provided (Campbell et al. 2011). Campbell et al. (2011) have managed to prove that the response of nurses to HIV treatment programmes highly affects the success of these programmes. This fact, as proved through the research developed by Campbell et al. (2011), indicates the need for the use of nurses in all HIV-treatment programmes, not just those developed in poor countries. Optimizing HIV Care by Expanding the Nursing Role: Patient and Provider Perspectives Chen, W., Shiu, C., Simoni, J., Fredriksen-Goldsen, K., Zhang, F. & Zhao, H., 2010 Chen et al. (2010) have tried to identify the methods through which the performance of nurses in HIV care could be improved. This issue is examined in regard to a particular country, China. It is made clear that in China the HIV treatment follows a particular path: ‘first HIV is diagnosed in a general hospital and then those that have diagnosed as positive to HIV are asked to seek for treatment and support in a specialist hospital’ (Chen et al. 2010, p.260). At this point the following problem appears: the response of healthcare providers to people with HIV may not be immediate. In fact, due to the form of the process, it is possible that a long time passes before the HIV-positive individual begins the treatment for HIV. Chen et al. (2010) aims to prove that the above process can become more effectively if nurses are appropriately supported so that they improve their performance in HIV care. The study of Chen et al. (2010) is based on data retrieved through interviews and a focus group. It has been proved that healthcare providers in specialist hospitals are not capable of offering appropriate support to people with HIV. The fact that the identification of the disease has been developed in an earlier phase sets limits to the potentials of healthcare providers in specialist clinics to offer to people with HIV appropriate psychological support (Chen et al. 2010). Also, at this level, i.e. in specialist clinics, nurses are often asked to provide services that are above their duties (Chen et al. 2010). This problem has been resulted because of the existence of different clinical settings for diagnosing HIV and for treating HIV (Chen et al. 2010). The study of Chen et al. (2010) has revealed the potentials of nurses to improve their performance in HIV care through appropriate training. Also, the above study verifies the potential of nurses to highly influence the success of HIV treatment programmes no matter the level of their expertise on this field. "Othering" the health worker: self-stigmatization of HIV/AIDS care among health workers in Swaziland De Vries, D., Galvin, S., Mhlanga, M., Cindzi, B. & Dlamini, T., 2011 Health care workers who are involved in HIV care are highly exposed to the particular disease. Still, if affected by HIV, these individuals are more likely to be stigmatized, compared to the rest of the population. This issue is explored in the study of De Vries et al. (2011). The particular study, which emphasizes on healthcare workers in Swaziland, aims to explain the following issue: healthcare workers participating in HIV treatment programmes face the risk of being affected by HIV. Even under these terms the support provided to these healthcare workers is quite limited. At this point the following problem appears: can the self-stigmatization of these healthcare workers affect their performance in providing HIV care? The answer is positive. De Vries et al. (2011) developed a series of interviews with healthcare workers in Swaziland. The participants, about 34, responded that that the self –stigmatization of HIV can highly affect the quality of HIV care provided in Swaziland (De Vries et al. 2011). The influence can be either direct, referring to the reduction of healthcare workers participated in the HIV treatment programmes, or indirect, referring to the psychological effects of the disease on the healthcare workers involved. The study of De Vries et al. (2011) presents another aspect of the interaction between healthcare workers and HIV. Healthcare workers may not have a critical role in the HIV care. They may also have to face the self-stigmatization of HIV, in case that they are infected by the disease, a fact that prohibits them, either permanently or temporarily, from participating in HIV care. Evaluation of needle stick injuries among nurses of Khanevadeh Hospital in Tehran. Iran Hassan, M. & Galougahi, K., 2010 Hassan & Galougahi (2010) explores a common problem related to nursing and HIV: the level at which nurses are exposed to needle stick injuries. Reference is made to the fact that needle stick injuries are considered as the most common method for the expansion of HIV among healthcare workers (Hassan & Galougahi 2010). Hassan & Galougahi (2010) have conducted a survey among nurses working in the Khanevadeh Hospital (Tehran); 158 nurses have returned the questionnaires completed. The results have been analyzed using SPSS. It is not made clear in the study whether specific criteria were set for evaluating the responses; for example, the nurses working in the HIV care would be more likely to confirm the primary role of needle stick injuries in expanding HIV among healthcare workers. Reference is made only to the following criteria, as prerequisites for accepting the questionnaires returned: participants had to be certified nurses and they should agree to participate in the survey. Also, all participants work in the Khanevadeh Hospital. The study of Hassan & Galougahi (2010) has revealed that the chances for a needle stick injury are high among nurses. In the survey conducted by Hassan & Galougahi (2010) about 56.9% of the participants admitted that they had exposed to such accident since their entrance in the particular profession. Also, a percentage of 46.2% reported that they had such accident ‘at least once during last 5 years’ (Hassan & Galougahi 2010, p.175). It is made clear that needle stick injuries can be an important problem for healthcare workers in all departments. For nurses involved in HIV care the relevant risk can be significantly higher, especially when the measures available for securing the protection of nurses against such risks are limited. Task-Shifting in HIV Care: A Case Study of Nurse-Centered Community-Based Care in Rural Haiti Ivers, L., Jerome, J., Cullen, K., Lambert, W., Celletti, F. & Samb, B., 2011 Ivers et al. (2011) had tried to identify the potential use of task shifting as a method for improving the HIV care in Haiti. The lack of resources is considered as a major problem for healthcare sites in poor countries. Still, there are measures, such as task shifting that can improve the performance of HIV treatment programmes (Ivers et al. 2011). Of course, the effective communication between nurses and physicians is important for such initiatives to succeed. The study of Ivers et al. (2011) is based on a mixed-qualitative method: interviews have been combined with focus group, so that the credibility of the findings to be increased. The value of this study can be identified at this point: a total of 483 people/ workers in three clinics in Haiti, were interviewed. This sample is quite satisfactory for establishing credible assumptions in regard to the potential use of task-shifting for improving HIV care in Haiti. Another important characteristic of the above study is the following one: participants have been chosen both from the facilities – based workforce and from the community-based workforce (Ivers et al. 2011). In this way, different perspectives in regard to task shifting in HIV care are given. The findings of the study of Ivers et al. (2011) verify the value of task shifting as an important tool for increasing the performance of healthcare workers in healthcare sites where resources available for HIV care are poor. Patient satisfaction with health care services provided at HIV clinics at Amana and Muhimbili hospitals in Dar es Salaam Kagashe, G. & Rwebangila, F., 2011 Most commonly, the performance of nurses in HIV care is evaluated by referring to the nurses’ skills and commitment but also to the resources available for developing these tasks. The study of Kagashe & Rwebangila (2011) explores another aspect of the relationship between nursing and HIV: the level of satisfaction of patients in regard to the HIV care services provided to them. Reference is made to two HIV clinics of Tanzania: the Amana and the Muhimbili clinics. Based on the fact that HIV care in Tanzania is free, Kagashe & Rwebangila (2011) aim to explore whether this fact has negatively affected the performance of healthcare workers, including nurses, in regard to HIV care. The data used in the study of Kagashe & Rwebangila (2011) have been gathered through interviews with patients from the above two hospitals. In total, about 375 patients were interviewed using questionnaires (Kagashe & Rwebangila 2011). A high percentage (about 85% at an average level) of the participants responded that the number of nurses working in HIV care department is satisfactory (Kagashe & Rwebangila 2011). Also, an extremely high percentage of the participants admitted that nurses in their hospital are friendly. In the Amana Hospital the relevant percentage has been 100% while in the Muhimbili hospital the above percentage was 95.3% (Kagashe & Rwebangila 2011). The study of Kagashe & Rwebangila (2011) emphasizes on two important issues in regard to nursing and HIV care: a) nurses’ attitudes towards patients can highly affect the performance of HIV care, and b) nurses cannot always cover gaps related to HIV care, at the level that certain aspects of HIV care are out of the nurses’ duties. For example, in the study of Kagashe & Rwebangila (2011) it was proved that patients were not satisfied with the consultation provided to them in regard to the side effects of their medication. A study of patient attitudes towards decentralisation of HIV care in an urban clinic in South Africa Mukora, R., Charalambous, S., Dahab, M., Hamilton, R. & Karstaedt, A., 2011 The delivery of HIV care services to patients with HIV is not standardized. This means that such care can have different forms according to the resources available and the local needs. The study of Mukora et al. (2011) explores the potential use of down-referral, from centralized units to local healthcare sites, as a strategy for improving the performance of HIV care in areas where resources are poor and no other similar policies are available. The antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the most common therapy for patients with HIV. However, the success of this therapy is depended on a series of factors, such as the commitment of nurses, the attitudes of patients and the technology used. In poor countries, the challenges for this type of therapy can be many. Still, there are policies that can be used for increasing the chances for the success of this therapy. Task-shifting is a common strategy of this type. Down-referral seems to be another option. The problem that appears in this case is the following one: is down – referral effective in regard to the improvement of the quality of ART? Mukora et al. (2011) have developed focus group discussions for exploring the above problem. In 6 of the groups, among 10 in total, a negative attitude towards down-referral was reported (Mukora et al. 2011). Moreover, different explanations were given in regard to the value of down-referral and its disadvantages. More specifically, down-referral was revealed as having many advantages, such as the saving of time in accessing the healthcare site, the saving of transport costs and the need for showing altruism towards patients facing other health problems (Mukora et al. 2011). At the same time, down-referral was related to the limitation of healthcare services available to patients, both in terms of range and in terms of quality and the stigmatization of patients in local clinics (Mukora et al. 2011). The study of Mukora et al. (2011) proves that the standardization of the relationship between patients and nurses is quite important for the success of HIV treatment programme involved. The specific study also proves that the attitudes of patients in regard to the quality of HIV care services are highly influenced by their potential to communicate effectively with nurses working in the HIV - care department. Healthcare workers and health care-associated infections: knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in emergency departments in Italy Parmeggiani, C., Abbate, R., Marinelli, P. & Angellino, I., 2010 The study of Parmeggiani, Abbate, Marinelli & Angellino (2010) focuses on the examination of the awareness of health workers in Italy in regard to healthcare – related infections. Reference is made to the fact that ‘health care associated infections (HAIs) are quite common in healthcare settings worldwide’ (Parmeggiani et al. 2010, p.35). In Italy also, this problem seems to be acute. At a first level, it seems that healthcare workers in Italy are capable of controlling these infections. However, it has been also made clear that these workers are not always informed on all the effects of these infections. Nurses in emergency departments of eight public hospitals in Italy were asked to participate in a survey related to the above issues. A total of 307 healthcare workers in these hospitals returned the questionnaire completed. All participants worked in the Emergency Department Units of the above hospitals (Parmeggiani et al. 2010). A multivariate analysis technique was used for analyzing the findings of the research. It was proved that most of the participants (about 87%) were aware of the potential exposure of healthcare workers to the diseases of patients (Parmeggiani et al 2010). Still, it was revealed that only 30% of the participants were aware of their role in transferring an infection to patients (Parmeggiani et al. 2010). It was also revealed that nurses have been more informed, compared to other healthcare workers, on the preventive measures appropriate for controlling the expansion of HIV. The study of Parmeggiani et al. (2010) emphasize on an important issue: the role of healthcare workers, including nurses, to act in two different ways in regard to HIV; these workers can have a critical role in the HIV treatment. They can also have a critical role in its expansion, if they do not take appropriate measures. Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Improve the Nursing Care of Young Children in a High HIV and AIDS Setting Richter, L., Rochat, T., Hsiao, C. & Zuma, T., 2012 The ability of nurses to respond to the demands of a particular treatment programme is not standardized. In fact, it seems that nurses in all departments can respond differently to the challenges of a case under the influence of experiences on similar problems, their personal skills on handling such challenges and the support provided. This issue is explored in the study of Richter, Rochat, Hsiao & Zuma (2012). Reference is made, as an example, to the use of an intervention programme for improving the performance of nurses involved in HIV care. The programme has been established in a public hospital in South Africa (Richter et al. 2012). The following challenge had to be faced: the communication between nurses and caregivers is not always satisfactory; often, conflicts are developed mostly because the existence of different beliefs in regard to the quality of certain medical interventions. The intervention programme has been divided into four major parts (Richter et al. 2012). Nurses have been offered training so that they are able to explain a series of intervention videos to caregivers (Richter et al. 2012). These videos show the methods available to caregivers for evaluating the behavior of children and for promoting appropriate solutions, anytime that a problem appears (Richter et al. 2012). After implementing the program, supervisors had promoted the improvement of communication/ cooperation between nurses and caregivers but also the children (Richter et al. 2012). The study of Richter et al. (2012) proves that brief interventions can be designed for improving the communication between nurses and caregivers. Still, these interventions have not been found to contribute, at least not directly, to the increase of performance of nurses in HIV care. Still, it seems that such intervention programmes can help caregivers to understand the supportive role of nurses in these cases (Richter et al. 2012). Nurse management is not inferior to doctor management of antiretroviral patients: The CIPRA South Africa randomised trial Sanne, I., Orrell, C., Fox, M., Conradie, F., Ive, P., Zeinecker, J., Cornell, M., Heiberg, C., Ingram, C., Panchia, R., Rassool, M., Gonin, R., Stevens, W., Truter, H., Dehlinger, M., Der Horst, C., McIntyre, J. & Wood, R., 2010 The participation of nurses in HIV treatment programmes can be based on different rules. Usually, doctors set the terms of the HIV treatment provided to each patient with HIV. However, there are cases that tasks related to this treatment are distributed among doctors and nurses, so that the former have more time available for handling more cases. The study of Sanne et al. (2010) focuses on the limitation of the tasks developed by doctors and the assignment of these tasks to nurses. Particular reference is made to the following case: doctors need to choose the HIV treatment programme appropriate for each patient (Sanne et al. 2010). However, the monitoring of the progress of this programme can be assigned to nurses (Sanne et al. 2010) under the terms that they are adequately skilled for responding to the needs of this task. The study of Sanne et al. (2010) is based on a randomized control trial. The research was developed in two South African hospitals: ‘Masiphumelele, in Cape Town, and Soweto, in Johannesburg’ (Sanne et al. 2010, p.35). Two different conditions were examined: patients were provided HIV care services by doctors and by nurses. In particular, the antiretroviral (ART) therapy and its effectiveness under the monitoring of doctors and nurses was assessed (Sanne et al. 2010). It was proved that the intervention of nurses in ART therapy would be ‘non-inferior to doctors’ (Sanne et al. 2010, p.39). In other words, nurses can effectively participate in HIV care, along with doctors, without the role of each one of them to be threatened. Task Shifting for Scale-up of HIV Care: Evaluation of Nurse-Centered Antiretroviral Treatment at Rural Health Centers in Rwanda Shumbusho, F., Van Griensven, J., Lowrance, D., Turate, In., Weaver, M., Price, J. & Binagwaho, A., 2009 The lack of resources for providing effective HIV care seems to be a major problem in poor regions. The problem is more extensive in Africa. In the study of Shumbusho et al. (2009) emphasis is given on the shortage of healthcare workers for establishing HIV treatment programs. In 2005 efforts have been made so that the prescription of HIV treatment programmes is assigned to nurses (Shumbusho et all. 2009). Such practice has been used in three healthcare sites in Rwanda (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Indeed, nurses in these sites have been given the power to prescribe HIV treatment programmes, in particular ART therapy (Shumbusho et al. 2009). In this way, it could be evaluated whether nurses could respond to the demands of such role, either for a short or a long period of time. The specific intervention was based on the following schedule: for 2005 nurses were given the power to prescribe ART therapy (Shumbusho et al. 2009); reference is made to nurses working in three hospitals in Rwanda (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Then, for the three years that followed, i.e. up to 2008, the records of the patients participated in this intervention would be checked for assessing the effectiveness of the project (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Indeed, the records of about 1076 patients exposed to ART therapy between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed. The findings reflected the performance of health of participants by March 2008. It was proved that by that date a percentage of 90% of the patients have managed to survive continuing the therapy (Shumbusho et al. 2009). Moreover, all patients have remained loyal to the programme, meaning that they haven’t stopped the therapy that nurses prescribed to them. The study of Shumbusho et al. (2009) proves that nurses can be given more duties and power in regard to HIV care but only under the terms that their skills are carefully assessed and that appropriate support is provided to them during their professional life. Task shifting and integration of HIV care into primary care in South Africa: The development and content of the streamlining tasks and roles to expand treatment and care for HIV (STRETCH) intervention Uebel, K., Fairall, L., Van Rensburg, D., Mollentze, W., O’Bachmann, M., Lewin, S., Zwarenstein, M., Colvin, C., Georgeu, D., Mayers, P., Faris, G., Lombard, C. & Bateman, E., 2011 The provision of HIV care to patients is often problematic mostly because of the lack of appropriate resources. The shortage of staff working in this field is often reported as the key reason for the failure of HIV treatment programmes. The study of Uebel et al. (2011) explores the potential use of two different methods for improving the quality of care provided to people with HIV: task shifting and incorporation of HIV treatment programmes into the primary care services (Uebel et al. 2011). The identification of an effective policy for improving HIV care would help poor countries to increase their performance in controlling the expansion of HIV across their territory. An intervention programme has been introduced in Free State, South Africa, for testing the effectiveness and the feasibility of the two methods mentioned above. The programme started in 2004. In the context of this programme, nurses in 220 clinics in Free State were given the power to prescribe ART Therapy to people with HIV (Uebel et al. 2011). The performance of this project was reviewed using a STRETCH test. By 2010, the local government decided to give to nurses the power to prescribe ART therapy (Uebel et al. 2010). In this way, a further increase of the success of ART was considered as unavoidable. The programme was proved quite successful, as verified by the supervisors (Uebel et al. 2010). The study of Uebel et al. (2010) sets the following idea: nurses can contribute in the improvement of HIV care not only by providing nurse-related services but also by participating in the prescription of ART therapy. In this way, the volume of work of doctors is significantly decreased and time is saved for handling more cases. References Bakanda, C., Birungi, J., Mwesigwa, R., Zhang, W., Hagopian, A., Ford, N. & Mills, E. (2011). Density of Healthcare Providers and Patient Outcomes: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Multi-Site HIV Treatment Program in Uganda. PLoS One, 6(1), e16279. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022029/?tool=pubmed Braitstein, P., Siika, A., Hogan, J., Kosgei, R., Sang, E., Sidle, J., Wools-Kaloustian, K., Keter, A., Mamlin, J. & Kimaiyo, S. (2012). A clinician-nurse model to reduce early mortality and increase clinic retention among high-risk HIV-infected patients initiating combination antiretroviral treatment. Journal of the International AIDS Society, February 2012. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297518/?tool=pubmed Callaghan, M., Ford, N. & Schneider, H. (2010). A systematic review of task- shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa. Human Resources for Health, 8, 8. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873343/?tool=pubmed Campbell, C., Scott, K., Madanhire, C., Nyamukapa, C. & Gregson, S. (2011). A ‘good hospital’: Nurse and patient perceptions of good clinical care for HIV-positive people on antiretroviral treatment in rural Zimbabwe—A mixed-methods qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(2-3), 175-183. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037471/?tool=pubmed Chen, W., Shiu, C., Simoni, J., Fredriksen-Goldsen, K., Zhang, F. & Zhao, H. (2010). Optimizing HIV Care by Expanding the Nursing Role: Patient and Provider Perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 260-268. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861787/?tool=pubmed De Vries, D., Galvin, S., Mhlanga, M., Cindzi, B. & Dlamini, T. (2011). "Othering" the health worker: self-stigmatization of HIV/AIDS care among health workers in Swaziland. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14, 60. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3287109/?tool=pubmed Hassan, M. & Galougahi, K. (2010). Evaluation of needle stick injuries among nurses of Khanevadeh Hospital in Tehran. Iran Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 15(4), 172-177. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093184/?tool=pubmed Ivers, L., Jerome, J., Cullen, K., Lambert, W., Celletti, F. & Samb, B. (2011). Task-Shifting in HIV Care: A Case Study of Nurse-Centered Community-Based Care in Rural Haiti. PLoS One, 6(5), e19276. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089597/?tool=pubmed Kagashe, G. & Rwebangila, F. (2011). Patient satisfaction with health care services provided at HIV clinics at Amana and Muhimbili hospitals in Dar es Salaam. African Health Sciences, 11(1), 60-66. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3220117/?tool=pubmed Mukora, R., Charalambous, S., Dahab, M., Hamilton, R. & Karstaedt, A. (2011). A study of patient attitudes towards decentralisation of HIV care in an urban clinic in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 205. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167749/?tool=pubmed Parmeggiani, C., Abbate, R., Marinelli, P. & Angellino, I. (2010). Healthcare workers and health care-associated infections: knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in emergency departments in Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10, 35. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848042/?tool=pubmed Richter, L., Rochat, T., Hsiao, C. & Zuma, T. (2012). Evaluation of a Brief Intervention to Improve the Nursing Care of Young Children in a High HIV and AIDS Setting. Nursing Research and Practice, March 2012. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316944/?tool=pubmed Sanne, I., Orrell, C., Fox, M., Conradie, F., Ive, P., Zeinecker, J., Cornell, M., Heiberg, C., Ingram, C., Panchia, R., Rassool, M., Gonin, R., Stevens, W., Truter, H., Dehlinger, M., Der Horst, C., McIntyre, J. & Wood, R. (2010). Nurse management is not inferior to doctor management of antiretroviral patients: The CIPRA South Africa randomised trial. Lancet, 376(9734): 33–40. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145152/?tool=pubmed Shumbusho, F., Van Griensven, J., Lowrance, D., Turate, In., Weaver, M., Price, J. & Binagwaho, A. (2009). Task Shifting for Scale-up of HIV Care: Evaluation of Nurse-Centered Antiretroviral Treatment at Rural Health Centers in Rwanda. PLoS Medicine, 6(10), e1000163. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752160/?tool=pubmed Uebel, K., Fairall, L., Van Rensburg, D., Mollentze, W., O’Bachmann, M., Lewin, S., Zwarenstein, M., Colvin, C., Georgeu, D., Mayers, P., Faris, G., Lombard, C. & Bateman, E. (2011). Task shifting and integration of HIV care into primary care in South Africa: The development and content of the streamlining tasks and roles to expand treatment and care for HIV (STRETCH) intervention. Implementation Science, 6, 86. 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