Vocal Expression through Emotion and Physical Movement - Research Proposal Example

Major Project Plan Singing Popular Music Vocal Expression through Emotion and Physical Movement By Chanunya Choonak MA in Popular Music Kingston University Abstract This Dissertation will address two aspects dealing with singing and performing popular music. They are – Vocal expression which includes emotion and timbre of voice and the other is Physiology which includes facial expression, gestures and physical movements involved while singing and performing. For on-stage performance development, the singers should acknowledge the tone and emotion in music so that they can express them conformably through the voice and movement or body language for aesthetics and entertainment (Brett, 2000, p.21). These factors are very important to popular music and musicians in the music industry. When speaking of Popular Music, there are so many different genres and musical styles that the general public has access to, and liking a particular style or genre is wholly dependent on the perception of the audience. In Richard Middleton’s “Study Popular Music”, it says “that the popular music enabled majority of society and was created to serve people’s needs, not artist own (1990, p.17). The impact a performer has on vocal expression, facial expression, gestures and movement on stage, differs from individual to individual depending on their upbringing and the environment or background they come from. No one can tell what the right or wrong thing is in music performance even the critics, but they could tell which one is more appropriate in each music style (Parker, 2006). I noticed that many good musicians, who have high musical skills and techniques, are unable to convey the emotion in songs or communicate with the audience including entertaining them in the music performances as good as some performers/ entertainers, who have less musical skills. Thus, as a vocalist, I am interested in studying ‘The Expression in Singing Popular Music’ to develop my musical skills as a musician and expression as a performer and make the performance more interesting. To understand ‘the relationship between vocal expression, emotion and physiology in singing performance, this study will examine how emotion, feeling and expression of songs are portrayed in popular music performance through a performer’s voice, body language, facial expression and gestures. I sincerely hope that this study would be useful and benefit not only musicians but also the general public. Introduction Non – verbal signals such as facial expressions and tone of voice are commonly assumed to be particularly suited for communicating emotions (Wall – Bott & Scherer, 1986). Sometimes vocalists are unable to express the emotions in songs as much as they would like to or as much as they expect to. Besides practicing their basic vocal exercises, ‘Emotion’ is another important factor that all singers should realize for better communication with the audiences (Beatty, 1992, p.43). In order to bring out these emotions in an effective manner, the singer has to grow with the song through intensive practicing of the different kinds of emotions that need to be displayed or performed. Other major factors that contribute to lending emotions to a song are the lyrics, melody, rhythm and of course, the singer’s own tone of voice. Sometimes, a singer just sings, but is unable to emote; this is because of a lack of training to sing using emotion. When a singer performs with great passion and emotion, it touches the hearts of their audiences which in turn makes them an instant hit with the crowd. Therefore, just singing with a sweet voice is not enough, there has got to be a holistic involvement of the singer who has to cash in on the nitty – gritty’s of being able to emote effectively. Another major feature for a singer/performer is giving their song the necessary “Expression” it requires. Singing without expression or emotion, renders the song lifeless and as a consequence does not reach the audience. A song sung with a lot of expression and emotion receives good vibes and appreciation from the people listening to it. Expression can be given in different forms. Expression and emotion go hand in hand with each other and compliment each other all through the singer’s performance and can be executed in different ways such as through gestures, facial expression, body language of the performer and even the expression given through a singer’s voice. The human’s voice is made of the muscles of the larynx, space, air and the articulators (tongue, teeth, lips, palate). They interact with each other to produce the vocal sound conveying the emotions. Not only these components, but the vocalist uses the entire body to sing. Therefore, good body alignment is so important. Some people’s voice is God given and is there, but expressions, using voice is taught, learned or practiced and it develops and matures over time with a lot of hard work and practice. Expressions of any kind are non- verbal communication between humans, which when carried out well, gives them a lot of satisfaction. Expressions can be physical as well as emotional and adds greater meaning to what is being said, sung or done. It is an integral part of a good performer and should never get lost along the way. They can make the audiences extract information about the course of action, or intent of a person’s approach to the feelings and emotions in songs easier (Dahl, 2005). They should be expressed in a natural manner so that the performance of a singer is fluid and pleasing. Although some popular music performances are created through movement in dance forms for entertainment by choreographers, yet those movements must be related to music, rhythm, lyrics, or individual singer, in one way or another (Samerasutra, 2001, p.82). Therefore, making a deep study of vocal expression, emotion and good body language is of utmost importance to a good performer and it is the first pre- requisite a successful performer should possess. Since I am a singer/ performer, this study would greatly help me to make my shows more interesting and attractive and help me to give quality performances around the world. Research Question What is the relationship between emotion and physiology in singing performance? and how do they work in singing popular music?’ In a singing performance, both emotion and physiology play major roles. Both are non-verbal expressions, emotion is the non- verbal way of expression, while physiology entails the physical aspect of the performance. Emotions can be expressed through the singer’s tone of voice and facial expressions and expression given through the physical aspect is achieved through the singer’s body language and gestures. This study helps singers/performers understand; The effect of emotion in songs on physical expression in singing performance. How the singer express the emotion in songs through the tone of voice, vocal expression, body movement and physiology in popular music performance How important emotional and physical expression are used in singing performance. What the important keys are in vocal expression of emotion in songs pertaining to ‘Lyrics and Melodies’. On What, Why and How the vocalists should concentrate on using these components --- interpretation and semantic of the songs, tone, mood, rhythm, sounds, melodies which effect the feeling and emotions in the songs--- in popular music performance. How the movement or body language of musicians influence the audiences (visual perception) The effect of physical expression; facial expression, and dance in popular music performance. Using the emotional expression and physical expression to communicate with audience in singing performance. How the vocalists express movement and emotion during their performance. Key words Musical expression, musical expressiveness, emotion, emotional expression, song and emotion, emotional transmission, emotion and meaning, singing voice, vocal expression, tone, tonal expression, physiology, physical expression, facial expression, gesture, movement, body language, non-verbal communication, music communication, singing performance, performing popular music, and on- stage music performance. Aims (Objectives): Being A Good Singer as a Performer 1. To develop an understanding of musical expression: rhythm, tempo, emotion and tone in popular music. 2. To realize the importance of physiology such as facial expression, gesture, body language and movement in popular music performance. 3. To develop and practice the using of voice, singing techniques and dynamics, pitch, vibrato, breathing, rhythm division, improvisation and range. 4. To increase the understanding of interpretation: lyrics, words, melodies, styles, songs, notes, scores and choruses for emotional transmission in vocal performance. 5. To understand profoundly about the relationship between vocal expression, emotional expression, facial expression, body movement and physiology 6. To produce ones own recital and develop creativity in popular music performance: creating a concept and theme of performance, arranging the cues, props and using innovative ideas for projecting quality popular music performance. 7. To develop an aesthetic sensitivity in using voice, emotional expression, vocal expression and Physiology : body language, movement, dance, blocking and image in popular music performance 8. To develop ability of eye contact, lively communication with the audience and devising ways of drawing attraction to ones singing and performance 9. To develop ensemble performance skills: singing with the band, live music, manage the band, collaborate with other musicians, practice cooperation within a group or team work and respect another’s suggestions, opinions and comments. 10. To enhance ones self-confidence and develop the capacity to put up a great act as a professional singer and entertainer in popular music performance. Method and Procedure: I started to do my Major Project using self exploration to try and find out what interests me and what is beneficial for me to make a bright future. I found that I was very interested in singing popular music and performing to a large audience. In order to achieve this, I had to study vocal expression through emotion and physiology. A variety of studies have to be explored on the relationship between musical variables (e.g. melodies, tempo, harmony, dynamics, and rhythm) and judgment of emotion in music (e.g. Cooke,1959). For example, strong associations have been observed between fast and slow tempo in music, (rhythm) judgment of happiness and sadness, as well as, ratings of anger and fear (Gabrielsson and Juslin, 1996). Songs comprise both melodic and lyrical information which are important keys to explore about emotion. To study singing popular music, I have to understand these two components in each song although they can be processed independently (Bonnel, 2001). I am also doing research on body movement and physiology in music performance, especially the research on Davidson and Correia, 2002). These studies include video recording using the point light techniques to capture the movements of the performer under different conditions. All these studies and important books related to musical performance, interests me as a musician (vocalist) and I want to use these important techniques at rehearsals and during my performances. Some of these techniques are singing with a band using a backing track, singing in front of a mirror, singing in a hall in front of an audience or alone or even singing out doors. This kind of practice would help me have a control over my voice and also help me to cultivate the right amount of emotion needed for a song and also help my body language to be natural and let things flow evenly so that my performance would be something to be appreciated by the audience. In order to carry out my research on both physical and emotional expression in singing popular music, I have chosen many sources such as books, articles, content from websites and many journals on music for my study. - ‘Rhetoric, Structure,Gesture : Interpreting Musical Meaning’, by Patrick Mc Creless - ‘Emotion and Meaning in Music’, by Leonard B. Meyer - ‘Performing Rites : Evaluating Popular Music’, by Simon Frith - ‘Music and gesture’, by Anthony Gritten Elaine King - ‘Studying Emotional Expression in Music Education’, by Gabrielsson, Alf - ‘Effect of Music and Rhythm on Physical Performance’, by Anshel, Mark H.; Marisi, Dan Q. - ‘Acting for singers’, by David F. Oswald - ‘Music, image& Gesture’, by Bryan Gilliam - ‘Performance Analysis and Popular Music: A Manifesto, Contemporary Theater Review’, by Philip Auslander - Tone and Emotion’, Brett T. - ‘Measurement on the Expression of Emotion in Music’, by C.E. Seashore - ‘Singing and Actor’, by Gillyanne Kayes - ‘Music Perception: What is it that we perceive when we perceive Music’, By Phillip Dorrell (http://www.1729.com/blog/MusicPerception.html) - ‘Voice Quality and the Singing Voice’, by Janice Chapman Aua (http://isca-speech.org/archive/voqual03/voq3_053.html) ‘Emotive Transforms’, Johan Sundberg/ KTH Voice Research Centre and etc,.. Besides the music theoretical analysis, lyrical interpretation, practice of musical knowledge and singing practice, I explore the inspiration of the composers, the semantics of the lyrics for emotional expression. I also watch live performances and music videos to pick some strong points of the original and already established singers. For vocal practice, I warm my vocal cords by practicing my breathing exercises and projecting my voice. I practice opening the throat, release tension and project the voice without straining or pushing. I also experiment with mouth shapes, tongue placements and by using vowels and consonants learn how they affect tone and resonance of voice. I also take voice training from my voice teacher Patricia who takes great trouble in teaching me how to bring out the right amount of emotions and feelings in different songs. My second voice trainer is Sean Jeffrey, the vocal coach of Billy Elliot’s actors. He helps me with singing techniques in April and May. It would be a great achievement for me if I am able to get this across to my audience. Analysis of Songs Another important aspect of my research would be to analyze a list of popular songs, so that I could find the expression in performing songs with style, physical and emotional expression, and tone of voice suited to a particular song and compare this with the original artist’s performance. It helps me in choosing the best method for my own recitals. For the unique singing performance, I interpret these songs through my own experience, musical skills and background. Six singing voice qualities will be explored and some are used in my recital. They consist of Speech, Falsetto (head voice), Sob (lowered larynx), Twang (nasalized), Opera, and belting (chest voice or middle voice) which give different emotions (Estill, Harris, Honda, and Baer, 1983). I will analyze the singing techniques which are used through three vocal registers; chest voice, middle voice and head voice in my performance. My vocal range is mezzo-soprano (tessitura)/ middle tone; the bridge between the chest and head makes vibrations in the mouth and neck, other vibrations are made in the head or skull. Firstly, I choose the songs based on my range and identify the style of music. These variable components effect the emotion in each song. The tone of voice is modulated to suggest emotions such as happiness, fear, sad, and surprise. Thus, the analysis of song is the important part for identifying the direction of voice and conveying the emotion in songs, including physical expression. To advance my singing technique, I choose songs that a bit above my comfort zone. My study would be of seven songs spanning a variety of styles and genres. My song list is as follows: 1. “A Public Affair” – By Jessica Simpson: This Pop - Retro song is written by Jessica Simpson who is the performing artist and Johnta Austin. The song is greatly influenced by the 80’s and 90’s and has an appealing beat and rhythm to it. With pop retro style, speed tempo and girl gangster theme, I plan to use ringing/ bright tone and some falsetto in this song. This is the song in middle tone. The key word is “Let’s go” and the singer should use bright sweet resonant voice expressing emotions of liveliness and happiness, pleasure and joy and singing with physical movements and persuade the audience to join the party. The song reflects Madonna’s style and since I am a great fan of Madonna, I chose to start my performance with it. This song serves ample scope for me to move and dance while singing during my performance. 2. “What Can I do?” By the Corrs This energetic and sweet Pop song by the Irish band “Corrs” is a favorite of mine and hence I chose to include it in my performance. Andrea Corrs’ vocal range and timbre of voice matches my voice and I feel very comfortable while singing her songs. It consists of middle voice, head voice and falsetto, especially the bridge part. This song portrays the feelings of many such women who are madly in love or infatuated; and it also includes hesitation, fidget and self-confusion. I will present these feelings through an acoustic version of the song as it is filled with romance and love emotion. The singer should also express these emotions through the facial expression and physical movement cues (Amount, Speed, Fluency and Distribution); eye contact, smile, slow-middle pacing speed and body sway (Dahl, 2000) to communicate with the audience more effectively. 3. “If I Ain’t Got You” By Alicia Keys This is a Grammy Award winning single taken from the R&B Soul musician Alicia Key’s second Album called “The Diary of Alicia Keys”. A powerful voice with good voice control is necessary for singing this song. The original artist has an uncanny ability to sing, compose and play the piano, which is hard to imitate. This song is full of emotion and power, I plan to use the chest voice and many singing techniques like sob (crying sound), twang, belting (high and powerful pitch), whisper, chest tone and head tone in improvisation. Sob quality is often used in ballads like this song to convey the tense emotion, the singer can also express them through facial expressions such as frowning, closing the eyes, etc. It is very challenging for me because I’m not a regular with the Jazz and R&B style but still for a change I want to try this song for my singing development. Interlude: Dance “Buttons” By Pussycat Dolls This interlude would serve as a respite for changing my clothes and the surroundings before I go on for my next song. This is a dynamic song that plays with rhythm and expresses fun and happiness. I chose an instrumental version of it so that the audience could focus their attention on the dance and body movements – a technique (Davidson). The costume is another important component supporting the singing performance for singers and it also effects the audience’s visual perception. In my recital, I will change my costume for changing the atmosphere, from pop to rock. 4. “Who Knew” By Pink Pop Rock is my favorite genre and this particular song “Who knew” was written by Luke Gottwald, Max Martin and Pink for Pink’s fourth album “I’m not Dead” and what fascinates me are the drum beats and guitar sounds. Pink is a singer with high potential and has a unique style of her own. The song talks about the death of friendship and is filled with emotion. The lyrics are catchy and have deep meaning. I use the vocal belting, the use of chest voice in the higher part of the voice, rather than using the head voice (Thompson, 2004), dealing with this song. I intend to express the vigorous voice with the fast tempo. Some lyrics show the aggressive temper and identify the characteristics of the song character like “Punch them out”, I gear to screaming technique of rock style. This is the fastest song in my recital and its fast paced rhythm would help me to put in a lot of emotion and expression into my Act. 5. “Torn” By Natalie Imbruglia Natalie Imbruglia is an Australian singer who recorded this worldwide hit single in Kilburn, London. Her voice is light, bright and high pitch matching my voice. This song originally sung by Ednaswap from their album “Ednaswap” (1995) was made popular by Natalie in 1997. It is about a relationship than ended badly. It talks about a woman who placed so much of trust in a person and finally that person is not the kind of person she thought him to be. Therefore she is all out of faith and “Torn”. This song is in middle tone which is the same as my voice. The keyword is “disappointed and sad”, the combination of loss and anger as Discrete Emotion Theories (Darwin, 1998, Ekman, 1992). To express these emotions, some singing techniques will be explored combining with musical elements such as the rhythm, tempo, and groove. The meaning of the song will be changed according to the tone and singing techniques (Phillip, 2003). 6. “I Believe” By Tata Young This song is sung by Tata Young, a Thai- American singer who cut her first album at the age of 14. She became an international success when she released her album “I Believe” in 2004. She is famous and popular and hence is a perennial favorite pick by magazines and MTV Asia. I chose to perform this song because she is my great inspiration and idol. The lyrics are about the belief in love of young lady. To convey this emotion of happiness – love (Power and Dalgliesh, 1997), I will express the soft and sweet voice in ringing tone. “I believe” features the catchy beat, flow rhythm and melody. This song suits mezzo-soprano, the middle voice. I plan to delay the onset of the vibrato, sing with straight tone and then allow the vibrato to happen later. I also choreographed for this song, Jazz dance and hip-pop dance, supporting and bringing out the feelings with the fast tempo and rhythm. 7. “Ka Jai” by Jetrin Wattanasin This R&B song was very popular in Thailand 15 years ago and was sung by male vocalist. I am going to present this song in “Jazz” style with piano and drums conveying the tense emotion. I do the re-arranging of the music using the “Cubase Program”. I will use it as a backing track. This song is about a singer who meets her ex- lover after a long break up. In an awkward situation that involves triangular love, he asks the new lover to wait awhile so that he could wish his love a proper goodbye. This would be one of my most challenging songs because I have to communicate the feelings in the Thai song to a foreign audience. “The sounds in jazz use the voice like a musical instrument” (Samerasutra, ), then I plan to change the notes and the style with more rhythmic flexibility and sing syllables/ rhythmic sounds in place of words. The variations in using voice registers; chest tone to head tone (Falsetto) will be used. Participants To aid me in my popular music performance I am using 9 participants. They are a guitarist, a bassist, a pianist, a drummer, a violinist, two dancers and two staffs for backstage. I intend to make this recital much more interesting giving it a variety of flavor by using various styles like Pop, Rock, Pop-Dance, Pop-Rock, Folk-Pop, R&B, Soul and Jazz. This aim of this performance is for entertaining purposes because I feel that the satisfaction of the audience is the most important aspect of a public show which serves as a platform for the artist to bring out her skill in singing by portraying emotions through her voice and body language. The final destination of this study is being a good musician as well as an entertainer. The Objectives of my course of study (Outline) December - Explore myself and find out what I need to do in my performance Set the topic, Research Question and hypothesis Observe, research, collect information for my research Design the performance, set the concept and theme for my performance. Make a list of the songs that are suitable to the concept and theme for my performance, keeping in mind my interests, abilities, skills, tone and range of my voice Finish my Major Project Plan Have private lessons with Ms. Patricia, my voice trainer. Do some research on the inspiration of the composers January - Interpret the meaning of the lyrics and music of all songs on the program list, keeping in mind the inspiration of each composer - Voice and body exercise Study about tone and emotion in the songs Practice singing the moderate song ‘I believe’ for warming up Record my singing during the month 30th Jan, 2007, Presentation of work in progress Study from watching the performance original artists February - 6th Feb, 2007, Student Presentations - Continue voice and body exercises - Form the band - Practice the song which is most difficult to sing first because I need to master the song well. That song is ‘If I ain’t got you’. - Continue singing lessons with Ms. Patricia Record my voice of this month to compare it to the next month. - Analyze and comment on the original artist performance March - Vocal and body exercises and projecting the voice - Study hard about emotional expression, tone and vocal expression, and vibration control - Rearrange and record ‘Ka-Jai’ - Practice the song ‘A Public Affair’ which uses high pitch and ‘Torn’ which is a moderate tempo song. - Start to choreograph and practice dance movements on the stage - Continue my singing lessons with Ms. Patricia - Record the voice of this month and compare to the first two months. - 26th March, 2007, Deadline of my Progress Report April - Vocal cord and body exercise, projecting the voice - Choreograph the hip-hop dance in ‘Button’ for the interlude - Practice and rehearse the song ‘What can I do’ and ‘Who knew’ with the band - Having singing lessons with Mr. Sean Jeffrey - Rehearse dance and movements on the stage or mirror room with the songs ‘Button’ and ‘I believe’ - Record all songs and compare with the recording of the last month and improve my vocal and emotional expression by getting rid of my mistakes - Run- through the recital. - Record the VDO of performance May - 15th and 22nd May, 2007 is Student Presentation Vocal and body exercise, projecting the voice Check personality on the stage Practice to sing with backing track and rehearse all songs with the band and backing tracks Record the VDO of performance Listen to comments and improve on my mistakes (open-mind) - Continue private singing lessons with Mr. Sean Jeffrey June - Vocal and body exercise, projecting the voice Practice singing and dance (all songs) Run-through the performance and final review - ‘Recital’ – Popular Music Performance (Singing) (Deadline is 18th June, 2007) July and August - Do a Project Paper – feedback, result, critic, analysis, review and DVD recording September - Project submission Deadline is 3rd September, 2007. Discussion This research will enhance my singing skills, performance and musical knowledge. The recital would be held on 18 June, 2007, before the students finish their research and they would have very little time to explore the research since they would be heavily engaged in other assignments and projects. The major obstacles that I face are limitation of time and overlapping of assignments, lectures and preparation for the recital. Another big obstacle in my path is the English language which is not too familiar to me since it is not my mother tongue. Since I chose to sing English songs, I have to put in a lot of extra effort. It is a great task for me to remember the lyrics of the song while applying different techniques of singing. However, it is exciting as it is challenging, especially when I have to sing in front of a native audience. As a solution to my handicap of the English language, I take extra pain and care to spend a lot of time on the interpretation of my songs as well as for rehearsals. I have to first of all interpret the English lyrics so that I can fully understand the meaning and the mood of the songs and then learn the correct pronunciation of the words in the song, before actually learning to sing them. I have also given up my part time job to devote attention to my recitals. I do my work according to schedule by doing my rehearsals in the mornings and my assignments in the nights. I also attend tutorials with my supervisor, Frank Millward to ensure that I am on the right path. I take regular singing lessons with Patricia my voice tutor every other week, from the end of January until March for 1 hour. Besides practice with Patricia, I also take private lessons from Sean Jeffrey. He enhances my singing techniques and range but since he is so expensive, I have only two classes a month with him. Since I have to perform seven songs, I have to keep the energy levels always on a high by practicing well and keeping fit. I sincerely hope all my effort would benefit me by helping me to make a great success of my recital. _________________________________ References Anshel, M. & Marisi, D. (1978) ‘Effect of Music and Rhythm on Physical Performance’. Research Quarterly 109/13, p. 39 Auslander, P. (2004) ‘Performance Analysis and Popular Music: A Manifesto’. Contemporary Theater Review (London: Routledge), Vol. 14, p. 1-13 Beatty, C. (1992) Maximum Vocal Performance. Tennessee: Star Song Communication Group, p.43 Berry, N.: ‘Vocal Development’, Singing Concept (accessed 22 May 2007), http://sing.co.nz/singingconcepts.html Brett, T. (2000) Tone and Emotion. London: Schott & Co Ltd, p. 21. Brett, T. (1996) Discover Your Voice. 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(2004) Find Your Voice: A Self-help Manual for Singers. Artemis Editions, p. 12- 53 _______________________________________ Read More