Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic - Essay Example

Resveratrol by introduction supplies multiple physiologic benefits in the body thereby promoting good health span in various model species. There is growing concern regarding low bioavailability and wide inter-individual differences in absorption and metabolism rates in human beings. There have been clinical trials and continued support and exploration of resveratrol treatment in human’s beings. This growing concern calls for quick measures to device methods for resveratrol delivery. It has been empirically stated that that oral transmucosal delivery, using a lozenge composed of a resveratrol-excipient matrix, would allow resveratrol to be absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream.

Schematic diagrams of the pharmacokinetic model that distinguishes oral versus transmucosal absorption and how the whole process works are presented below, in figure 1 Lozenge level is higher than in figure 2.The study has found it that oral vitamin C has the potential for use as a non-toxic, sustainable, therapeutic agent. The amount of vitamin C required for good health represents a challenging aspect of scientific nutrition. The oral vitamin D supplements are well-absorbed from the small intestine amongst human beings.

The presence of bile is necessary for the absorption of vitamin D which is related to serum proteins and is widely distributed throughout the body. It is stored primarily in the liver and fat. Both forms of vitamin D are inactive and must undergo conversion in the liver and kidneys to form biologically active compounds. Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are hydroxylated by hepatic microsomal enzymes to 25 (OH) D. Further conversion of this intermediate form in the kidneys produces the physiologically active form, of dihydroxyvitamin D.

Although it is not the biologically active form, the intermediate form, 25 (OH)D, is used to assess vitamin D status since 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels do not typically decrease until clinical symptoms of vitamin D deficiency have become severe. The maximum clinical response typically occurs approximately a month after therapy has been initiated. Pharmacologic effects may continue for more than 2 months after vitamin D administration. Folic acid is a water-soluble member of the B-complex family of vitamins.

It has three components primary structures, a hetero-bicyclic pteridine ring, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and glutamic acid. Because humans cannot synthesize this compound, it is a dietary requirement. Although folic acid is the primary form of folate used in dietary supplements or fortified foods, it comprises only 10 per cent or less of folates in the diet. It is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiency related conditions. The folic acid has the following properties as discussed below.

The folic acid is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mainly from the proximal part of the small intestine. Dietary folates are believed to have about half the bioavailability of crystalline folic acid. The naturally occurring folate polyglutamates are largely deconjugated and reduced by dihydrofolate reductase in the intestine to form 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF). Folic acid given therapeutically enters the portal circulation largely unchanged since it is a poor substrate for reduction by dihydrofolate reductases.

The distribution of the acid is through the portal circulation. 5MTHF from naturally occurring folate is extensively plasma bound. The principal storage site of folate is in the liver; it is also actively concentrated in the CSF. The folic acid is converted into the metabolically active form 5MTHF in the plasma and liver. The elimination of metabolites from the acid is done in the form of the urine and folate in excess of body requirements is excreted unchanged in the urine.