Consumer Behavior Issues - Essay Example

Topic: Lecturer’s Chapter One One of the reasons for a shift to focusing on consumers is the dramatic increase in Scope of consumer and marketing research. The main reason for a shift to focusing in consumer is increase in scope of the consumer and the market research. Market research enables the marketer to establish the needs, wants and the size of the available market (Arnold, James, and Scherbet Oliver 1999 p.22 par.2 ). 2. Consumer behavior results from the interactions of: price, quality, market trends, and the environment. Consumer response is determined by the interactions of price quality, market trends, and the environment. This implies that for a positive feedback from the consumer, a lot of emphasis has to be made in ensuring that all these factors put into consideration (Arnold, James, and Scherbet Oliver 1999 p.30 par.4). 3. Consumer behavior is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT thoughts. These factors are characterized by consumers’ dynamism, interactions, exchanges, and predictability. Consumer behavior must be constantly monitored by the marketer because it is usually dynamic and therefore it changes constantly resulting to short product life cycles (Arnold, James, and Scherbet 1999 p.35 par.1). 4. The marketer must constantly monitor consumer behavior because the consumer is: creating new strategies for the products. To keep in touch with this trend, innovation and value addition are of paramount importance in order for the companies to remain profitable and retain their market share. This is achieved by creating new products, newer versions of existing products, new brands and creating opportunities for increased cross holding (Wilcox, Rhoda V 2001 p.34 par.3). 5. To keep in step with shorter product life cycles, many companies are innovating constantly and creating superior value for customers and staying profitable by all of the following ways, EXCEPT constantly changing. Innovation and value addition are of paramount importance in order for the companies to remain profitable and retain their market share. This is achieved by creating new products, newer versions of existing products, new brands and creating opportunities for increased cross holding. (Wilcox, Rhoda V 2001 p.41 par.2). 6. The relationship between the elements involved in consumer behavior is BEST described as: interactive. This is due to the fact that consumer behavior is mainly interactive and profit maximization which is the primary role of marketing must be cognizant of this fact (Arnold, James, and Scherbet 1999 p. 45 par.1). 7. The basic role of marketing in society is to facilitate product design maximization of profit which is the primary role of marketing must be cognized (Wilcox, Rhoda V 2001 p.50 par.3). 8. Which of the following is the newest, and broadest, of the approaches to studying consumer behavior? Marketing science approach. . Many approaches have been put forward to study consumer behavior. They include marketing science approach, interpretive, traditional, associative, and integrative approaches. However, marketing science is one of the latest and broadest of all the others (Arnold, James, and Scherbet1999 p. 57 par.4). 9. The traditional approach draws heavily from all of the following EXCEPT economics. Traditional approach relies heavily on sociology and social psychology, cognitive theory and behavioral psychology but not on the economics of the consumers (Edwards J 2006 p.56 par.2). 10. Interpretive approach of consumer behavior knowledge and research is useful to marketing organizations, government, political organizations, and consumers. Interpretive approach of consumer behavior knowledge and research is of vital importance to marketing organization, political institutions and the government (Arnold, James, and Scherbet 1999p. 82 par.3). 11. Which of the following groups benefit from insights into consumer behavior with the aim of monitoring and regulating exchanges in the market? Government. The government in particular benefits from the insights in consumer behavior with the objectives of monitoring and exchanges in the market (Arnold, James, and Scherbet 1999 p.103 par.2). 12. Regulating Marketers PRIMARILY rely upon legislation in their efforts to influence exchanges and achieve their objectives. Marketers therefore rely on legislation in their efforts to influence exchanges and achieve their objectives. Edwards J (2006 p.66 par.3) 13. Long-term marketing success is best assured by adhering to the tenets of: ethical behavior. Long term marketing success can therefore be realized by adhering to ethical practices. The marketers must understand the consumers of their products/brands, reasons underlying the purchase of their products/brands, reasons underlying the purchase of competitive products/brands and reasons underlying governmental regulation in the market (Wilcox, Rhoda V 2001 p.60 par.2). 14. Marketers need to understand all of the following EXCEPT consumers of competitive offerings. . The marketers must understand the consumers of their products/brands, reasons underlying the purchase of their products/brands, reasons underlying the purchase of competitive products/brands and reasons underlying governmental regulation in the market (Arnold, James, and Scherbet 1999 p.93 par.3). 15. Marketing strategy adapts to consumer needs and wants. An effective marketing strategy should therefore adapt to consumer needs and wants (Wilcox, Rhoda V 2001 p.67 par.2). Chapter two 1. Emotions, feelings states, moods and attitudes are usually associated with cognition and environment. Emotions, feelings states, moods and attitudes are usually associated with cognition and environment (Howard, P.1999 p.23 par.1). 2. The following are all elements of a persons affective response, EXCEPT knowledge gained from experience. . Moods, emotions’ attitudes and feelings are elements of affective response (Alan Chapman 2008 p. 38 par.3). 3. Volvo ads featuring detailed information about the safety features of their cars is an attempt to target which one of the elements of consumer analysis? Consumer imagination. Volvo ads featuring detailed information about the safety features of their cars are an attempt to target consumer imagination analysis (Howard, P.1999 p.43 par.3). 4. All of the following can be considered examples of consumer behavior EXCEPT considering shopping at the mall. Shopping at stores, shopping on the internet buying products and using credit cards are examples of consumer behavior (Alan Chapman 2008 p.25 par.2). 5. Marketing strategies aimed at analyzing, understanding, and influencing overt behavior include all of the following EXCEPT increasing prices. Marketing strategies aimed at analyzing, understanding, and influencing overt behavior include offering superior quality, creating greater convenience, increasing accessibility and providing better service (Alan Chapman 2008 p. 40 par.3). 6. In the book, the consumer environment includes all of the following EXCEPT: products. Consumer environment include culture, reference groups, advertisement and work unions (Howard, P.1999 p.56 par.2). 7. A change in affect and cognition leading to a change in the customers environment, leading to a further change in that customers behavior would be resulting from: stimulus system. A change in affect and cognition leading to a change in the customers environment, leading to a further change in that customers behavior would be resulting from stimulus system (Michael Howard 2008 p.12 par.2). 8. Which among the following is NOT an implication of viewing consumer process as a reciprocal system involving affect and cognition, behavior, and the environment? Any of the three can be a starting point for consumer analysis. Consumer analysis is best applied on single consumers is not an implication of viewing consumer process as a reciprocal system involving affect and cognition, behavior, and the environment (Alan Chapman 2008 p.67 par.2). 9. Identify the step that precedes and continues after the development of effective marketing strategy Placing stimuli in the environment. Setting of objectives precedes and continues after the development of an effective marketing strategy however to investigate the effectiveness of a marketing strategy consumer research and analysis should follow implementation of strategy (Howard, P.1999 p.65 par.2). 10. To investigate the effects of strategy and to judge whether it could be made more effective, advertisement aspect should be continued after the implementation of strategy (Geoffrey A.2004 p.33 par.2). 11. Using sensory cues would be an example of Wheel of Consumer Analysis using sensory cues for example is wheel of consumer analysis. A company changing its distribution strategy after realizing that consumers in the target market do not shop in stores where the product is featured would result from which of the following elements influencing the company (Alan Chapman 2008 p. 82 par.3). 12. The fact that healthy, well-toned people are considered more attractive in our society, can be analyzed using Wheel of Consumer Analysis .The fact that healthy, well-toned people are considered more attractive in our society, can be analyzed using wheel of consumer wants (Michael Howard 2008 p.20 par.2). 13. Smoking was considered a sign of maturity and coolness a few years ago, but many consumers are now no longer finding this so. According to the book, this is an example of change in which aspect of The Wheel of Consumer Analysis? Change in society. According to the wheel of consumer analysis, smoking which was initially considered as a sign of maturity and coolness but consumers no longer consider this as so is an example of a change in society (Alan Chapman 2008 p.94 par.1). 14. The creation of specialty catalogs of types of merchandise previously bought by individual consumers can be attributed to very good memory. The creation of specialty catalogs of types of merchandise previously bought by individual consumers for instance can be attributed to very good memory (Howard, P.1999 p.78 par.2). Chapter Three 1. Identify which one among the following is an example of mood aspect of affective responses Boredom. Boredom is an example of an affective mood response (Michael Howard 2008 p.37 par.1). 2. Immediate and automatic anger and frustration resulting from a rude clerks behavior at a store can be attributed to this factor of an affective system. The system is largely responsive. Immediate and automatic anger and frustration resulting from a rude clerks behavior at a store can be attributed to system that is largely responsive (Geoffrey A. 2004p.37 par.2). 3. A consumer feeling uncomfortable in a crowded store leaves it for a less crowded environment. Among all of the following, this reaction could be most closely attributed to: system responding to virtually any type of stimuli a consumer feeling uncomfortable in a crowded store and leaves it for a less crowded environment could be attributed to the affective system responding to virtually any type of stimuli (Michael Howard 2008 p.39 par.2). 4. All of the following are examples of cognitive interpretations of sensations EXCEPT the feel of ones favorite pullover. On the other hand, the sound of a juice can being poured, the sweet taste of chocolate chip cookies, the smell of ones favorite cologne and the feel of ones favorite pullover are examples .of cognitive interpretive sensations. An advertisement for ice-cream aiming to reach out to the consumers affective response could include elements of happiness, fun, excitement, and a leaning associated to sensual pleasure (Michael Howard 2008 p.56 par.1). 5. An advertisement for ice-cream aiming to reach out to the consumers affective response, could include all of the following EXCEPT: a leaning toward the associated sensual pleasure (Geoffrey A.2004 p.55 par.3). 6. According to the book, with respect to the metaphor, time is like money, peoples thoughts and feelings about both money and time are structured by the deeper metaphor of quality. According to the book, with respect to the metaphor, time is like money, peoples thoughts and feelings about both money and time are structured by the deeper metaphor of quality (Michael Howard 2008 p.66 par.4). 7. Understanding how consumers make purchases is one of the most important aspects of consumer behavior for marketers. Knowledge about how consumers make purchases is one of the most important aspects of consumer behavior for marketers (Geoffrey A.2004 p.67 par.2). 8. Integration processes concern how consumers combine different types of knowledge to make choices among alternative behaviors, such as a purchase. Integration process concern how consumers combine different types of knowledge to make choices among alternative behaviors, such as a purchase (Geoffrey A.2004 p.79 par.2). 9. Which among the following aspects when activated from memory has the potential to influence interpretation and integration processes? Marketing. Marketing aspect when activated from memory has the potential to influence interpretation and integration processes (Michael Howard 2008 p.84 par.1). 10. In the book, what has daydreaming been stated as being a good example of? Product involvement Daydreaming is a good example of product involvement (Geoffrey A. 2004 p.88 par.2). 11. The challenge faced by marketers in understanding the largely unconscious cognitive processes of their consumers is being addressed by researchers through experimental procedures such as any creativity curves. The challenge faced by marketers in understanding the largely unconscious cognitive processes of their consumers is being addressed by researchers through tentative procedures such as language imagery (Michael Howard 2008 p.98 par.1). 12. People consciously considering only a small amount of knowledge at one time are referred to as: limited cognition. Limited cognition is characterized by people considering only a small amount of knowledge at a time (Geoffrey A. 2004 p.101 par.3). 13. Among all of the following, identify the episodic knowledge aspect associated with a pair of Nike shoes their color. The color variations for instance are an episodic knowledge aspect associated with a pair of Nike shoes (Geoffrey A.2004 p.105 par.2). 14. Marketers should seek to understand consumers decisions about brands, stores, and product categories Marketers should seek to understand consumer’s decision about brands, stores, and product categories (Michael Howard 2008 p.102 par.3). 15. A consumer interpreting several characteristics of a Nike shoe (lacing pattern, insole, and reinforced heel) to mean "good support for backpacking" could be a result of brand attitude (Feldman A. 2008 p.13 par.2). Chapter Four 1. When a person combines his or her knowledge about the braking, acceleration, and cornering ability of an automobile to form a more inclusive concept called "handling", he or she is using the process of constructing bundles of attributes. When a person combines the knowledge about the braking, acceleration, and cornering ability of an automobile to form a more inclusive handling concept he or she is using the process of processing concrete attributes (Charlie C.2007 p.25 par.1). 2. Meanings at different levels of abstraction are related hierarchically in that more abstract meanings subsume (incorporate or include) meanings at lower levels. Meanings at different levels of abstraction are related indirectly, in that more abstract meanings include meanings at lower levels (Charlie C.2007 p.31 par.3). 3. Laptop computers, sports sedan are examples of certain product forms becoming so well established in consumers minds that marketers can treat them as separate markets. This is because each can be treated with its own trade name (Feldman A.2008 p.18 par.2). 4. A marketer needs to understand how consumers organize their product knowledge in terms of different levels. These different levels could include all of the following EXCEPT: a choice between different product forms. Consumers organize their product knowledge in terms of different levels. These different levels could include choice between alternative brands, model, associated risks and alternative product classes (Feldman A. 2008 p.28 par.1). 5. While forming impressions of consumers treating products and brands as bundles of attributes, the marketer needs to know all of the following EXCEPT: which product attribute is most important to consumers. While forming impressions of consumers treating products and brands as bundles of attributes, the marketer needs to know if the consumers have the knowledge about the attributes and activate the knowledge to make purchasing decision, identify the attribute most important to the consumer and what the attributes mean to the consumer (Charlie C. 2007 p.46 par.3). 6. A surround sound system associated with being too loud, requiring assembly or repairs, or making the user feel proud are all examples of values. This shows the problem the system has (Charlie C.2007 p.50 par.2). 7. Feeling more (or less) stylish wearing Gap sportswear or feeling rewarded while eating an ice cream cone from Baskin-Robbins are examples of psychological consequences. Psychological helps one to feel boastful (Charlie C.2007 p.54 par.1). 8. Terminal values include consumers knowledge or beliefs about unfavorable consequences, including the negative affective responses associated with these unpleasant consequences (Charlie C.2007 p.59 par.2). 9. Recognizing when a value has been satisfied or a basic life goal has been achieved is an internal feeling that is somewhat intangible and subjective. Intangible and subjective feelings help one to feel satisfied when a goal has been achieved (Feldman A 2008 p.30 par.2) 10. Rationality belongs under the competence aspect of the instrumental values. Being rational is an aspect that hinders one from being competitive (Feldman A.2008 p.35 par.3). 11. Questions such as "What does the product do?" or "What functions does the product perform?" can be categorized under functional consequences of these components of a means-end model. Functional consequences are a function that tries to answer questions such as what a product do (Feldman A. 2008 p.47, par. 3). 12. A researcher asking a consumer to sort several brands of running shoes into groups on any basis is identifying the key attributes considered by the consumer through free sort task methods. Free sort task methods are a method that is used to sort brand in any basis (Charlie C.2007 p.74 par.1). 13. Sensory images is the ZMET interview, where consumers are asked to describe a scent, sound, taste, and touch that would express their thoughts and feelings about a topic (Feldman A 2008 p.52 par.2). 14. Often, marketers treat this as either high or low, but in actuality, this can vary from quite low levels, to moderate, to very high levels this is called product involvement (Charlie C 2007 p.83 par.1). 15. The following are all components of situational contexts that can affect the consumers product involvement EXCEPT symbolic meanings. The purchase situation, intended use situation, social environment and time pressure are component of situational contexts that can affect the consumers product involvement (Charlie C.2007 p.86 par.2). Chapter Five 1. Generally, marketers plan advertising strategies under the assumption of planned exposure. Marketers plan advertising strategies under the assumption of planned exposure (Feldman A.2008 p.52 par.3). 2. People almost automatically throwing away junk mail unopened is an example of: selective exposure .Selective exposure can be illustrated by automatically throwing away junk mail unopened. Selective exposure involves selecting things automatically without sorting them (James Robertson. 2006 p.43 par.3). 3. Remote controls and automated commercial "zappers" enhance automatic exposure. Automatic exposure enhances remote and automated control of commercial activities (Feldman A.2008 p.67 par.3). 4. To ensure that consumers search for information should be as easy as possible, marketers should prioritize the needs for information and device strategies to meet them (Feldman A 2008 p.73 par.2). 5. Technological marketing strategy involves placing several four-color ads on grocery shopping carts for products. Technology is nowadays used in various ads (Charlie C. 2007 p.106 par.2). 6. Distribution, in marketing strategy is so important that, if the product is not in the checkout counter the consumer is not exposed to the point of purchase, and the sales suffer (Feldman A.2008 p.76 par.4). 7. The practice of brands using distinctive music from the 50s, 60s, 70s, and even the 80s in their ads is fuelled primarily by the need to maintain exposure (James Robertson 2006 p.63 par.2). 8. Selecting involves selectively choosing some information and ignoring the rest. Selecting involves choosing some information and ignoring others (James Robertson 2006 p.75 par.3). 9. All of the following are characteristics associated with focal attention these are; the use of little or no cognitive capacity, use of activated knowledge from long term memory and it is usually as controlled process (Charlie C.2007 p.110 par.1). 10. Influencing involvement requires attention to intrinsic and situational self-relevance. Intrinsic influences situational self relevance (James Robertson 2006 p.86 par.2). 11. Self-evident involvement generates higher levels of involvement and motivation to attend to marketing information (John B. 2001 p.13 par.4). 12. Typical marketing strategy involving using of large signs, results in all of the following EXCEPT consumers attention decreases. Typical marketing strategy involving using of large signs, results in increase in consumer attention, increased clutter, communities become outraged and ordinances limiting signs are passed (John B. 2001 p.23 par.3). 13. The direct recognition of familiar products is a simple habitual process in which exposure to a familiar object automatically activates its relevant meanings from memory. Habitual process helps one to recognize familiar products (Feldman A 2008 p.86 par.2). 14. A consumer involved in shallow comprehension may, in all likelihood, correlate a shoe to all of the following, EXCEPT its functional usage A consumer involved in shallow comprehension may, in all likelihood, correlate a shoe to its color, shape, size and texture (Charlie C.2007 p.119 par.2). 15. Expert consumers can be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT having procedural knowledge organized in schemas and scripts. Expert consumers can be characterized by being familiar with the product category product form, comprehending information at superficial levels and specific brands (John B 2001 p.33 par.2). Chapter Six 1. Once an evaluation has been formed and stored in memory, consumers do not have to engage in another integration process to construct another attitude when they need to evaluate the concept again (Feldman A. 2008 p.91 par.2). 2. An activated attitude can be integrated with other knowledge in decision making. Integration ensures one to acquire active knowledge in decision making (Feldman A 2008 p.100 par.2). 3. Attitudes that are activated more often are more accessible. This is best described by the term salience. According to John B. (2001 p. 46 par.3), “responding consistently towards a certain object or stimulus is a sign of attitude. It is usually learnt and is accessible more often”. 4. Eating dinner with wife and kids at Grant Street McDonalds after the soccer game can be classified as product form specific situation of specificity. Eating habit is influenced by the product quality or form (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams2007 p.13 par.2). 5. When Anheuser-Busch decided to introduce a line of pretzel, they adorned the package with its famous name. The firm was attempting to assume brand equity. Brand equity helps in marketing certain commodity (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.20 par.2). 6. Peoples cognitive capacity is, limited thus only a few beliefs can be activated and consciously considered at once. Cognitive capacity is the ability to activate and consciously consider thing at a time (John B. 2001 p.50 par.2). 7. Salient beliefs can include all of the following EXCEPT. facts and figures associated with product market movement. Salient beliefs can include tactile senses, olfactory senses, visual images and cognitive representation of moods and emotions associated with product usage (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.30 par.2). 8. Attitude toward the object is the perceived probability of association between an object and its relevant attributes (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams2007 p.40 par.3). 9. According to the Fishbein model, beliefs based on suggestions by friends tend to have a greater impact on the attitude towards an object (AO). Fishbein model states that “beliefs based on suggestions by friends tend to have a greater impact on the attitude towards an object (AO)” (John B.2001 p.61 par.2). 10. According to research, it has been found that fast check-in is the complaint of least importance to regular airline passengers (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.44 par.2). 11. According to the theory of, economic modeling, consumers consciously consider the consequences of the alternative behaviors under consideration and choose the "best"(Bessant Josphat 2003 p.14 par.4). 12. According to the theory of reasoned action, a consumer’s attitude toward engaging in a particular behavior is represented by the symbol Aact. Bessant Josphat(2003 p.14 par.2) 13. According to the theory of reasoned action, marketing environment, values, goals desired ends beliefs and attitude, and lifestyle patterns all are included under the umbrella of personal variables (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.27 par.2). 14. Competitive advertising varies in strength, which can be measured by having consumers rate the probability that they will perform the behavior of interest (John B.2001 p.77 par.1). 15. Marketers often emphasize that societal influences such as friends, family, and coworkers approve of a behavior by portraying social influence situations in tandem (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.59 par.3). Chapter Seven 1. With respect to decision making, marketers are most interested in purchase behavior aspect. The behavior of the consumer should be the key factor when making market decision (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.39 par.3). 2. According to the book, product knowledge is irrelevant in situations where behaviors are not voluntary and affected largely by environmental factors (John B.2001 p.88 par.2). 3. A consumer perceives a habit because the desired consequences have not been achieved (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.41 par.1). 4. Post-purchase use and reevaluation is the fourth step in the generic model of consumer problem solving (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.43 par.2). 5. This emphasizes that actual problem-solving processes involve multiple, continuous interactions among consumers cognitive processes, their behaviors, and aspects of the physical and social environments Linear Integration Process Determination (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.75 par.1). 6. Marketers imparting product knowledge, or suggesting, and choice rules tries to influence a consumers’ decision plans. Decision plans by the marketer helps to impact product knowledge to consumer (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.47 par.1). 7. The elimination of choices models accounts for how the choice alternatives are evaluated but does not specify how the consumer chooses the behavior to perform. Choices model helps one to evaluate alternative things (O’Brien, Robert & MarcWilliams 2007 p.80 par.2). 8. Most marketers assume consumers select the alternative with the most positive A1. This theory tries to explain how consumer selects things selectively (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.85 par.1). 9. Elimination by aspects strategy might be used to quickly reduce the choice alternatives to a manageable number by rejecting those that lack one or two key criteria (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.90 par.2). 10. Choice heuristics are procedures for evaluating and weighting beliefs in terms of the current goal being addressed in the problem-solving process (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.60 par.3). 11. Choosing an alternative for which one has a coupon or that one can get at a seasonal sale, promotional rebate, special price reduction etc, can be attributed to works best type of choice heuristics (John B.2001 p.95 par.3). 12. In context to the book, lexicographic model varies from virtually none to being very extensive (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.80 par.2). 13. Seeking satisfactory balance of the positive and negative consequences would be the basic purchase motivation for maintenance type of dominant end goal (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.102 par.4). 14. At the low involvement, low knowledge level, the fact that very few choice alternatives are known or considered, basic motivation specifies variable of problem representation (O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams 2007 p.136 par.3). 15. Consumers in routinized problem-solving situations will attend to relevant information, and they are motivated to comprehend it (John B. 2001 p.100 par.2). Chapter Eight 1. Consumer decision making is considered by many analysts as being uninteresting, or unworthy of study (O’Brien, Robert & MarcWilliams 2007 p.176 par.4). 2. Overt behavior can be analyzed at the most minimal level and at the level of a lifetime use of a product (John B. 2001 p.112 par.2). 3. Desire is the third step in the traditional model of adoption/ purchase process, which begins with attention (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.94 par.3). 4. Communication is the second step in the purchase phase of the common behavior sequence for a retail store consumer goods purchase (Feldman A.2008 p.150 par.3). 5. The authors of this book believe that any attempt to influence behavior should include an analysis of the behavior sequence that is sequential or circular (Feldman A. 2008 p.162 par.2). 6. Information contact ensures that the practical problem for marketers increases the probability that consumers will observe and attend to the information and that this will increase the probability of other behaviors ( Bessant Josphat 2003 p.102 par.2). 7. Mental energy is the elements of situational characteristics that does not affect information search by consumers (Feldman A.2008 p.170 par.2). 8. Stores providing gift certificates would be an attempt to increase information contact. Information contact increases the sale of the product from a store (Bessant Josphat 2003.p.105 par.2). 9. Store directories, end-of-aisle and other displays, in-store signs, information booths, and helpful store personnel all help consumers to increase information contact (Feldman A. 2008 p.180 par.3). 10. The use of express checkout lanes and electronic scanners is an attempt to facilitate disposition. Electronic scanners and check out lanes are used to avoid theft from stores (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.110 par.3). 11. Marketing strategies that encourage quick and clean consumption and disposition will be specifically used for customized products. Customized products require a lot of market strategy to ensure quick and clean consumption (Feldman A.2008 p.190 par.3). 12. One of the primary marketing concerns for marketers is increasing the probability of, advertisement induced sales albeit the type of product (Feldman A.2008 p.197 par.3). 13. Money-back or other guarantees that require the consumer to contact the store or company provide store contact and also reduce the risk of loss to the consumer (Feldman A.2008 p.203 par.2). 14. Tupperware parties are one example of enhancing and profiting from word of mouth communication. Word of mouth communication enhances profit (Bessant Josphat 2003 p.125 par.2). 15. Many buyers who are dealer and brand loyal, especially when buying cars, use very little logical activity. Logical is an activity that requires one to apply technical know how of a particular thing he is doing (Feldman A.2008 p.205 par.3). . . Bibliography 1. Alan Chapman. Social Economic History of Developing Countries: Impact of Economic Crises, Longman Publishers, 2008. 2. Arnold, James, and Scherbet Oliver.Consumer Behavior; London; Oxford University Press, 1999. 3. Bessant Josphat, Measures for Determination in Consumer behavior, 11th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003. 4. Charlie C. Leadership in Today’s Society: an Overview of Development, 2nd edition, London: Century Business.2007. 5. Edwards J. “Leadership in the Market Research” Leadership Behavior & Research Vol.11 No. 1, July 2006. 6. Feldman A. International Integration: Impact of Bad Consumer Behavior, California University Press, 2008. 7. Geoffrey A., “Modern Economies: Difficulties Encountered in Leadership,” International Development, vol. 3, no. 2, August, 2004. 8. Howard P. “Empowerment of Leaders: Effective Community Development” Leadership Matters. vol. 5, no. 3, September, 1999. 9. James R. Market Economy: Human Resources and Society, 4th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.2006 10. John B. Problems, Solutions and Prosperity: a Post-Modernism Approach, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK, 2001. 11. Michael Howard. “Crises in the Market Research: The Next Generation”. Studies on Social Integration 13.2 .2008. 12. O’Brien, Robert & Marc Williams, Global Market Economy: Evolution and Dynamics 2nd Edition, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2007. 13. Wilcox, Rhoda V. Shifting Consumer Behavior; Marketing Strategies, Los Angeles.Donald Publishers, 2001. Read More