Non-nutritive Sucking in Different Health Care Setting - Essay Example

A Bare-Bone Proposal - Measuring the General Knowledge and Practices of Pediatric Nurses with the Use of Pacifier (Non-Nutritive Sucking) in Different Health Care Setting - Table of Contents I. Title ……………………………………………………………. 3 II. Purpose ………………………………..……………………… 3 III. Problem Statement ………………………………………….. 3 IV. Significance of the Problem ………………………………… 3 V. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework ……………..……….. 4 VI. Terms to be Defined ………………………….……………… 4 VII. Hypothesis / Research Question ………………………….. 4 VIII. Literature Review ………………………………….………… 5 IX. Research Design …………………………………………….. 5 X. Data Collection Method / Instrument(s) ………..………….. 6 XI. Data Analysis ……………………………….………………... 7 XII. Cost / Feasibility Analysis …………………………………… 7 XIII. Assumptions / Limitations ……………….………….………. 7 XIV. Conclusion …………………………….……………………… 8 References ……………………………………………….…………… 9 - 10 Title: ‘Measuring the General Knowledge and Practices of Pediatric Nurses with the Use of Pacifier (Non-Nutritive Sucking) in Different Health Care Setting’ Purpose: The purpose of the research study is to test the general knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses with the use of a pacifier (non-nutritive sucking) within a different health care setting. The findings of the study will be beneficial for expectant mothers and pediatric nurses when it comes to extending health care services to prematurely born infants and how to avoid the cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Problem Statement: The problem identified in the research will focus on the rate of SIDS incidence among the newly born infants; the positive and negative effects of using a pacifier (Non-Nutritive Sucking) on infants particularly in the cases of SIDS and breastfeeding promotion. Significance of the Problem The problem statement of this research is important to pediatric nurses as it will increase their general knowledge and concerns with regards to combating the incidence of SIDS nationwide. Since pediatric nurses or nurses in general are responsible in the promotion of breastfeeding, nurses should be know the side-effect of using a pacifier with this program. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework The research study will open the mind of the readers with regards to the increasing concern of SIDS within the United States. In line with guiding pediatric nurses, the study will determine the general knowledge and practices of the pediatric nurses within the secondary and tertiary hospitals and provide information with regards to the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier. Terms to be Defined The terms used in this research are defined includes: Non-Nutritive Sucking / Pacifier; Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; Pediatric Nurses; Secondary Hospitals; and Tertiary Hospitals. Hypothesis / Research Question What are the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier (Non-Nutritive Sucking) in newly born infants? Is there any past researches done on the use of a pacifier to prove that it could reduce the cases of SIDS or its effect on the breastfeeding promotion? When is the best time to use and stop the use of a pacifier? Are all pediatric nurses in different health care setting well knowledgeable about the importance of using a pacifier? Is there a difference between the practices of pediatric nurses when it comes to the use of a pacifier in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Literature Review Considering the fact that SIDS is still considered as the leading cause of postneonatal infant death within the United States and other countries (Hauck, 2004; Mathews et al., 2002; Malloy and MacDorman, 2005), it is critical to give the readers a better understanding about the causes of SIDS (Baddock et al., 2007) and the importance of non-nutritive sucking in decreasing the cases of SIDS, the literature reviews will discuss about the physiological explanation behind the need of prematurely born infants to be fed through a tube inserted in the nose up to the stomach (gavage feeding), the adverse effect of using a pacifier (Hauck, Omojokun, and Siadaty, 2005); and how the use of a pacifier can be used in training the infant to coordinate sucking, swallowing and breathing. (Pinelli and Symington, 2007) In line with exploring the benefits of the using a pacifier (non-nutritive sucking), its role in keeping the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) low will be elaborated. (Heinig and Baňelos, 2006; Hauck, Omojokun, and Siadaty, 2005) The possible causes of SIDS will also be highlighted to give the reader a better idea on how to avoid such cases. (Hunt and Hauck, 2006) Research Design Based on intensive research, part of the research study is to develop a questionnaire about the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier in relation to breastfeeding program and cases of SIDS. The questionnaires will be used to test the general knowledge of pediatric nurses assigned in the pediatric department of secondary and tertiary hospital. The study will use the methodology of Clark, Jones, and Pennington (2004) wherein five secondary and five tertiary hospitals will be selectively chosen by the researcher. Upon employing the test, the researcher will conduct a keen observation and the use of questionnaires survey form to determine the general knowledge and practices of the pediatric nurses working in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Data Collection Method / Instrument(s) Data gathering (keen observation and the distribution of the test questionnaires) from the secondary and tertiary hospitals will be completed exactly within 20 days. This data will enable the researchers to determine the general knowledge of the pediatric nurses with regards to the importance of using a pacifier and its effect on SIDS cases and breastfeeding promotion. After having taken the research approval from the person in-charge of the hospital(s), the researcher will initially conduct a 1-day keen observation test on the general practices of the pediatric nurses within the health care setting in order to minimize a bias result. The observed practices will be recorded for comparison purposes. On the second day, the researcher will start distributing the test questionnaires to the pediatric nurses without informing them the purpose of the study. This will ensure that they answer the test questions in accordance to their daily practices within the health care setting. Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the researcher will use SPSS. The observed data will be used as a comparison with the result of the questionnaire in each of the secondary and tertiary hospital. The result will be presented in percentage form using means and standard deviations. On the other hand, the differences in test result within the secondary and tertiary hospital will be assessed using chi-square tests (ANOVA or ANCOVA). Cost / Feasibility Analysis Considering that the researcher would choose the closest secondary and tertiary hospitals within his/her residence area, the only expected expenses for the study will be the food allowances and travel expenses amounting to approximately US$ 2,500. Table I - Estimated Cost of Research Study Expected Expenses US Dollar ($) Food Allowances (20 days x 100) 2,000 Travel Expenses 250 Total Estimated Expenses 2,500 Assumptions / Limitations The research study is limited in determining whether nurses assigned in other health care department is aware of the implications and benefits of using pacifier and how it could affect the rate of SIDS cases and breastfeeding promotion within the country. Conclusion The research study will open the mind of the readers with regards to the increasing concern of SIDS within the United States. In line with guiding pediatric nurses, the study will determine the general knowledge and practices of the pediatric nurses within the secondary and tertiary hospitals and provide information with regards to the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier. *** End *** References: 1 Baddock, S. et al. (2007) ‘Sleep Arrangements and Behavior of Bed-Sharing Families in the Home Setting’ Pediatrics ® January 2007, Vol. 119, No. 1; e200 – e207. 2 Hauck, F.R.; Omojokun, O.O.; and Siadaty, M.S. (2005) ‘Do Pacifiers Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis’ Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics®. November 5, 2005. Vol. 116, No. 5. 3 Hauck, F.R. (2004) ‘Changing Epidemiology’ in Byard, R.W. and Krous, H.F. (Eds) ‘Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Problems, Progress and Possibilities’ London (UK): Arnold; 2004; 31 – 57. in Hunt, C.E. and Hauck, F.R. (2006) ‘Sudden Infant Death Syndrome’ CMAJ. June 20, 2006. 174(13); 1862 – 1869. 4 Heinig, J. and Baňelos, J. (2006) ‘American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Statement on SIDS Reduction: Friend or Foe of Breastfeeding?’ Journal of Human Lactation. 22(1), 2006; 7 – 10. 5 Hunt, C.E. and Hauck, F.R. (2006) ‘Sudden Infant Death Syndrome’ CMAJ. June 20, 2006. 174(13); 1862 – 1869. 6 Mathews, T.J. et al. (2002) ‘US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics: Infant Mortality Statistics from 2002’ National Vital Statistics Rep 2004:53; 1- 29. in Hunt, C.E. and Hauck, F.R. (2006) ‘Sudden Infant Death Syndrome’ CMAJ. June 20, 2006. 174(13); 1862 – 1869. 7 Malloy, M.H. and MacDorman, M. (2005) ‘Changes in the Classification of Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths: United States: 1992 – 2001’ Pediatrics. 2005: 115; 1247 – 1253. in Hunt, C.E. and Hauck, F.R. (2006) ‘Sudden Infant Death Syndrome’ CMAJ. June 20, 2006. 174(13); 1862 – 1869. 8 Clark L., Jones K., and Pennington K. (2004) ‘Pain Assessment Practice with Nursing Home Residents’ Western Journal of Nursing Research, 2004, 26(7), 733 – 750. 9 Pinelli, J. and Symington, A. (2007) ‘Non-Nutritive Sucking for Promoting Physiologic Stability and Nutrition in Pre-term Infants’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4, Article No.:CD001071. Ammendent on July 14, 2005; 1 – 22. Read More