StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Morality and Humanity In Kants View - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
Kant's example of a perfect duty to others concerns a promise you might consider making but have no intention of keeping in order to get needed money…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER93% of users find it useful
Morality and Humanity In Kants View
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Morality and Humanity In Kants View"

Morality & Humanity In Kant's View Kant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the "Categorical Imperative" (CI). Immorality thus involves a violation of the CI and is thereby irrational. Kant's first formulation of the CI states that you are to "act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law." (G 4:421) O'Neill (1975, 1989) and Rawls (1989, 1999), among others, take this formulation in effect to summarize a decision procedure for moral reasoning, and I will follow them: First, formulate a maxim that enshrines your reason for acting as you propose. Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents, and so as holding that all must, by natural law, act as you yourself propose to act in these circumstances. Third, consider whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by this law of nature. If it is, then, fourth, ask yourself whether you would, or could, rationally will to act on your maxim in such a world. If you could, then your action is morally permissible. Throughout his moral works, Kant returns time and again to the question of the method moral philosophy should employ when pursuing these aims. A basic theme of these discussions is that the fundamental philosophical issues must be addressed a priori, that is, without drawing on observations of human beings and their behavior. Once we "seek out and establish" the fundamental principle of morality a priori, then we may consult facts drawn from experience in order to determine how best to apply this principle to human beings and generate particular conclusions about how we ought to act. Kant's insistence on an a priorimethod to seek out and establish fundamental moral principles, however, does not always appear to be matched by his own practice. The Groundwork, for instance, makes repeated appeals to empirical facts (that our wills are determined by practical principles, that various motivations are variable in producing right actions, and so on). Later ethical works rely even more heavily on empirical generalizations. Kant did not take himself to be employing these assumptions in seeking out and establishing the fundamental moral principle, only in applying it to human beings. Nevertheless, it is not always easy to tell whether Kant's arguments gain their plausibility only by relying on ideas established by observations of human being and the world they inhabit. Kant's example of a perfect duty to others concerns a promise you might consider making but have no intention of keeping in order to get needed money. Naturally, being rational requires not contradicting oneself, but there is no self-contradiction in the maxim "I will make lying promises when it achieves something I want". An immoral action clearly does not involve a self-contradiction in this sense (as would the maxim of finding a married bachelor). Kant's position is that it is irrational to perform an action if that action's maxim contradicts itself once made into a universal law of nature. The maxim of lying whenever it gets what you want generates a contradiction once you try to combine it with the universalized version that all rational agents must, by a law of nature, lie when it gets what they want. Here is one way of seeing how this might work: If I conceive of a world in which everyone by nature must try to deceive people any time it will get what they want, I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word could ever arise. So I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word exists. My maxim, however, is to make a deceptive promise in order to get needed money. And it is a necessary means of doing this that a practice of taking the word of others exists, so that someone might take my word and I take advantage of their doing so. Thus, in trying to conceive of my maxim in a world in which no one ever takes anyone's word in such circumstances, I am trying to conceive of this: a world in which no practice of giving one's word exists, but also, at the very same time, a world in which just such a practice does exist, for me to make use of in my maxim. It is a world containing my promise and a world in which there can be no promises. Hence, it is inconceivable that my maxim exists together with itself as a universal law. Since it is inconceivable that these two things should exist together, I am forbidden ever to act on the maxim of lying to get money. Most philosophers who find Kant's views attractive find them so because of the Humanity formulation of the CI. This formulation states that we should never act in such a way that we treat Humanity, whether in ourselves or in others, as a means only but always as an end in itself. This is often seen as introducing the idea of "respect" for persons, for whatever it is that is essential to our Humanity. Kant was clearly right that this and the other formulations bring the CI 'closer to intuition' than the Universal Law formula. Intuitively, there seems something wrong with treating human beings as mere instruments with no value beyond this. But this very intuitiveness can also invite misunderstandings. First, the Humanity formula does not rule out using people as means to our ends. Clearly this would be an absurd demand, since we do this all the time. Indeed, it is hard to imagine any life that is recognizably human without the use of others in pursuit of our goals. The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the chairs we sit on and the computers we type at are gotten only by way of talents and abilities that have been developed through the wills of many people. What the Humanity formula rules out is engaging in this pervasive use of Humanity in such a way that we treat it as a mere means to our ends. Thus, the difference between a horse and a taxi driver is not that we may use one but not the other as a means of transportation. Unlike a horse, the taxi driver's Humanity must at the same time be treated as an end in itself. Second, it is not human beings per se but the 'Humanity' in human beings that we must treat as an end in itself. Our 'Humanity' is that collection of features that make us distinctively human, and these include capacities to engage in self-directed rational behavior and to adopt and pursue our own ends, and any other capacities necessarily connected with these. Thus, supposing that the taxi driver has freely exercised his rational capacities in pursuing his line of work, we make permissible use of these capacities as a means when we behave in a way that he could, when exercising his rational capacities, consent to - for instance, by paying an agreed on price. Third, the idea of an end has three senses for Kant, two positive senses and a negative sense. An end in the first positive sense is a thing we will to produce or bring about in the world. For instance, if losing weight is my end, then losing weight is something I aim to produce. An end in this sense guides my actions in that once I will to produce something, I then deliberate about means of producing it. Humanity is not an 'end' in this sense, though even in this case, the end "lays down a law" for me. Once I have adopted an end in this sense, it dictates that I do something: I will act in ways that will bring about that end. References: Allison, Henry, 1990, Kant's Theory of Freedom. New York: Cambridge U. P. Aune, Bruce, 1979, Kant's Theory of Morals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. P. Baron, Marcia, 1995, Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology Cornell: Cornell U.P. Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Morality and Humanity In Kants View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1509869-morality-and-humanity-in-kants-view
(Morality and Humanity In Kants View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 Words)
https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1509869-morality-and-humanity-in-kants-view.
“Morality and Humanity In Kants View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/miscellaneous/1509869-morality-and-humanity-in-kants-view.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Morality and Humanity In Kants View

In What Way, According to Rousseau, is Humanity Perverse

Kant's celebration of the Enlightenment is, perhaps, most inconsistent with Rousseau's views on the perversity of humanity in terms of the beneficial social gain achieved in the move from the Medieval Ages to the Renaissance.... There are varying degrees to which Kant's celebration of the Enlightenment is inconsistent with Rousseau's view of the perversity of humanity.... This essay considers Rousseau's perspective on humanity and evaluates the extent that it is inconsistent with Kant's celebration of the Enlightenment....
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

Capital Punishment Punishment In The Light Of Kant's Deontology

As such, it can be inferred that inflicting punishment on the convicted as part of deterrence regards the person as a means and cannot therefore be regarded as ethical in Kantian view.... On the other hand, the major argument against death penalty is that it is against human rights, ethics and morality.... Kant's deontological ethics presupposes a universal law of morality that is quite categorical, flawless and universal without exception.... This exhorts people to keep themselves away from any actions or values that do not lead them to the universal law of morality....
3 Pages (750 words) Essay

What are the ultimate principles of morals for both Hume and Kant

So morality and freedom, ultimately, are the same mystery.... Firstly, it is to treat all humanity, both you and others, not as a means only, but also as an end in itself (Laursen 23).... Kant defends morality from reduction to self-interest, empirical fact, or feelings.... Kant defends morality from reduction to self-interest, empirical fact, or feelings.... Kant attempts to uncover common sense morality's principles....
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

The Moral Philosopher

According to his view (Kant & Abbot, 2008, p.... Kant's view on the aspect of humility concerns on individuals as a matter of comparative elements surrounding normal social life is inspirational for the enhancement of self-esteem in order to build a stronger personality.... Emmanuel Kant is arguably one of the greatest western philosophers who devised methods to evaluate the reason and functioning of morality in human mind.... According to him, ‘Categorical Imperative' which is a standard of rationality determines morality....
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

The Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Work

He would later refine, develop, modify, and enrich some of his views in this piece of work in later writings such as “The Critique of Practical Reason, The Metaphysics of Morals, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of view and Religion.... This paper “The Role of Duty in morality in Kant's Work” explores Kant's assertion that motives and role of duty have quite significance on morality, giving illustrations to the effect that motives and duty have a bearing on morality....
8 Pages (2000 words) Essay

Kantian Moral Ethics

Secondly, it advocates for the protection of human dignity; people should not just be used, humanity should be treated as an end and not in any way as a means.... ccording to the Kantian theory, morality is not based exclusively on reasoning but also on the moral worth of a given action.... Kant's argument that reasoning also plays a pivotal role in the determination of morality has a strong basis since humans not only act on impulses but also on reasoning (Sullivan, 1989)....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay

Lectures on Ethics: A Philosophical Review of Immanuel Kants Argument

Yet, within his piece entitled “Lectures on Ethics”, Immanuel Kant overturns this particular point of view and argues for the fact that the treatment of an animal is somehow morally and intrinsically related to the way in which an individual will interact with other human beings.... In many ways, this particular argument delves into the core of what Immanuel as universal ethics, morality, and virtue; utilizing the case of animals as a confusing example of whether or not ethics and virtue existed or should exist, Kant was instead able to argue that the same moral dictates within humanity....
4 Pages (1000 words) Book Report/Review

Bowies Vision of a Universal Morality

There are certain thoughts that drive Kant's belief in universal morality and it is these and how he explains to them that makes Bowie optimistic that universal morality in business can be achieved.... His voice has often and continues to be in favor of Immanuel Kant's view of ethics.... "Bowie's Vision of a Universal morality" paper critically analyzes Bowie's vision and it seeks to do so by tying every element of the vision to Kantian philosophy....
7 Pages (1750 words) Coursework
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us