India under British - Essay Example

INDIA UNDER BRITISH Pakistan was an integral part of union till 14th August 1947. Pakistan was separated and disintegrated from the union of India. India was freed from the clutches or shackles of the Great Britain and achieved Independence on 15th August 1947. In the year 1699, Sikh Guru, Guru GovindSingh began Khalsa to mobilize the community people to struggle for survival and wage war against occupiers who descended from other countries. Guru GovindSingh died in the 1708 leaving his community and his religion in great sorrow. The great emperor of Mogal dynasty and son of Shah Jahan, Great Aurangazeb died in the year 1707. The dynamic BajiRao peshwa has been crowned at Poona in the year 1720. India has struggled for survival form various invaders from different religions. All invaders tried their best to loot the rich properties India possessed during period of their invasion. Nadir Shaw of Persia conquered Delhi in the year 1739. In the year 1742 Dup-belx, French man has become the Governor of Pondicherry. The first Anglo-French war took place in the year 1748. Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-aulah was defeated the English in the Battle of Plassey in the year 1757. Again there was a war between French and the English defeated the French. In the year 1761, the ruler of Afghanistan, Ahmed shah Abadi conquered the Marathas great warriors in the Battle of Panipat third. The English gained the Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in the year 1765. Clive Lord has become Governor in Bengal during this period. There was a first Mysore war during 1767-69 between the British and Hyder Ali of Mysore. The English had secured the Northern circars in the year 1766. The British in their parliament passed the Regulatory Act in the 1773. Warren Hastings has ascended the chair of Governor of Bengal in the year 1772. The first Anglo-Maratha was taken place during the period 1775-1782. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in the year 1780 that had struggled with the British for safeguarding his people in the second Mysore war; the English defeated the Hyder Ali during the period 1780-84. The tiger of Mysore Tippu sultan was defeated and killed by the English in the fourth Mysore war in the year 1799. The Mysore state was partitioned, and slowly by the year 1801, the British annexed Carnatic. The English ahs crushed the Marathas in the second Anglo-Marathas war at Assaye. Sir Arthur Wellesley led the English. Lord William Bentick became the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1828 who had subsequently, successfully brought prohibition of sati in the year 1829 in to force by removing age old customs followed by the people of North in particular this Act was welcomed by most of the communities in India and gave them a sounding support. During the period 1845-46, the English defeated the Sikhs after the death of Maharaja Ranjit singh who died in the year 1839. Lord Dalhousie has become the Governor General of Bengal in the year 1848. First Indian Railway was laid form Bombay to thane in the year 1868. In the year 1858, Indian Government was taken over by the British crown. The important Acts such as Indian penal code, Indian councils and Indian High Courts came into existence and force. The queen of England has proclaimed the empress's of India in the year 1877. The Britishers gave Mysore state back to their original rules in the year 1881. In the year 1911, the imperial capital shifted form Calcutta to Delhi, The First World War broke out in the year 1914. The Indian National congress consisting of Hindus and Muslims had made Annie Besant as the president in the year 1917. Montague reforms committee offered limited provincial autonomy Indians in the year 1919. In this year the massacre was broke out in Jallianwala bagh where some hundreds Sikhs were killed by the British in a congregation. The Indian national congress gave a call to observe movement, non-cooperation. British clothiers were burnt. Students did not attend colleges. Lawyers left the practice in the courts in the year 1920, to protest and dissatisfaction of reforms in the year 1930, Gandhi determined to observe Dhandi March-salt Satyagraha. During this year, the first round table conference took place while continuing civil disobedience movement, the congress under the leadership and mantle of Jawaharlal Nehru had observed 26th Jan 1930 as Independence Day. The national movement or the movement for independence was a part of national resurgence. This annexed all aspects of national life, religions, and social educational, cultural and economy. One conman desire animated all regions in India was to achieve independence. In 1856, Canning took British Empire in India, had extended its boundaries form Indus in the west to Burma in the east and from the Himalayas in the North to kanya kumari (cape comrin) in the south. Canning brought out peace allover India by dividing the territories into two. The East India Company ruled one and Indian princes who owed faith to the East India Company ruled the rest. The Indians who knew the antecedents of the East India Company were skeptical about the temporary peace. In 1857 during summer, British domination in India was shaken up by revolt of sepoy mutiny or the First war of Independence by Indian soldiers. The revolt of Indian soldiers in the year 1857 was radically a different that of other revolts taken place in the years 1806 at Vellore, Bengal in 1842 etc., The British soldiers were killed by the Indian soldiers and marched to Delhi in the year 1857. They declared Bahadur shaw, Mogul Emperor as the Emperor of India in 1857. Bahadur Shaw issued a proclamations asking the people of India, Hindus and Muslims alike-to end the tyranny and oppression, the infidel and treacherous English the knowledge of English gained by Indian had helped them in communication and expedited the process of national integration amongst various communities and religious. As a result of First war of Independence; queen of Victoria was proclaimed as empress of India and the administration was taken over by the British Government. All Indians princes were brought under the control of British Government. The British Government during their rule in India had laid good roads connecting places in different areas. They had constructed Barrages and Bridges over rivers. They has drug irrigation canals to provide water for drinking as well as for usage in agriculture. In those days the communication system was very poor. Postbags were carried from on place to the other by village postman by walk. There was no proper transportation except bullock cart etc. Travelers and passenger used to travel by walk mostly during day time only. Facility of telephones and telegram were sent to pass on the messages mainly between the Governments departments. The media coverage was very poor due to lack of transport facilities. The publication of new papers in Indian languages and English was very few. Lawyers and patriots mainly held the publication of Indian News papers. The newspapers published in Calcutta covering the incidents and occurrence in various places used to reach villages and other places after gap of many number of days that to often duly censor by the Government Agency. The British Government had provided good educational facilities by imparting English language that helped the Indian to communicate with other countries to liberate Indian form Britishers. The English language has become to day an important weapon in the field of media, communication and in the scenario of modern development in Electronics, computers and web technology. In the modern society due to advancement of technology in the fields of electronics, communication, Radio, TV, communication satellites, the media is now able to transmit or send news and messages within a very short time. The people are now in position to see, read and talk directly to the other side through videoconferences. Messages can be sent through e-mails to anywhere within five seconds once it set in motion. The worldwide computer network is the backbone of IT revolution. This network was able to work when special cables, and telephone lines and wireless measures are installed for quick delivery of information from one place to the other irrespective of distance. Today, the media can acquire any form of information in digital format. Modern techniques allow powerful ways and us to use images in media very effectively. The image information is useful in medical treatment also. The media is able to get even geographical information systems through remote sensing and image processing helps them to find out details of very small remote geographical location of land through positioned satellites. Information technology has changed paradigms used in our every day lives. Reference University of arts London. (n. d.). India and Pakistan. Retrieved 14 may 2006< http://blackboard.arts.ac.uk/courses/1/LCC-MS-CoreStds/content/_78648_1/embedded/India%20and%20Pakistan.pptbsession=755324&bsession_str=session_id=755324,user_id_pk1=81667,user_id_sos_id_pk2=1,one_time_token=> Read More