Cardiovascular and Respiratory System and the Concept of Homeostasis - Assignment Example

Health and Social Care al Affiliation Task 4 (P4) The human body comprises of various systems. These systems are all responsible for a number of distinct functions. For our case, the main focus will be on two major systems that includes; cardiovascular and the respiratory system. Energy metabolism: Energy metabolism refers to the process of energy generation from various nutrients. It encompasses a series of the interlinked pathways that tends to function either in the absence or presence of oxygen. The aerobic metabolism usually converts a single glucose molecule into various molecules. There are also countless chemical reactions that often take place within various cells and have a responsibility for most of the organism’s actions (Conway & Akins, 1984). These reactions tend to commonly make up the organisms metabolism processes. The chemicals that are involved in such reactions are referred to as the metabolites. In almost all the reactions, the bond that counteracts between the reacting molecules tends to be broken; thereby taking in a lot of energy. The other perspective is that; the new bonds develop in order to come up with substantial product utilization. There is greater need for metabolic reactions due to the fact that; when such a chemical reaction occurs, energy can either be released or taken in. It largely sets basis on the comparative bond strengths that are being formed or broken. Energy is often released. Energy tends to be released to the entire surroundings in what can be termed as the exergonic reaction. Here, the formed bonds are mostly stronger as compared with the broken bonds. In the endergonic reaction, a lot of energy is usually absorbed from the entire surroundings. The formed bonds are always weaker than the broken ones. The aspect of obesity usually results in a situation whereby there is an occurrence of extreme cardiac energy metabolism. It is also linked to a prominent impact that is characterized with increase in the oxidation and uptake of the fatty acids by the heart. It also leads to a dramatic transformation in the discharge of adiponectin and leptin that have both emerged as the most essential cardiac energy regulators with regards to metabolism. The connection between obesity, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular disease, as well as the adipokine signalling tends to be a complex phenomenon (Coffee, 1998). However, the optimization of the cardiac energy in the obese culprits might be a single approach towards treating and preventing the dysfunction of the entire cardiac system that can increase in a given population. Metabolism is entirely tied to the respiratory system in a very inextricable manner. This is simply because the entire respiratory system brings in the much needed oxygen levels for burning nutrients as well as the clearance of some cognitive metabolic waste products. The metabolic rate cannot be ultimately impacted on through the respiratory system, but however, the former influences the latter. M1 - the role of energy in the body Each and every individual requires a greater extent of energy that is responsible for the overall functioning of the body systems. It is mainly acquired through consumption of foods that hence the vital energy that our body is burning throughout the day. The primary role of Energy in the Body is thus the aspect of ensuring greater levels of body operations. Energy Metabolism, on the other hand, refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions that occurs in the human physiology. It often involves the use or release of energy in form of the chemical elements. Energy is deemed as being very essential for muscular movement and activities. It is indeed necessary for blood, tissue and lymph fluid circulation in the entire body; for taking in oxygen and breathing; for production of new cells that ensures the aspect of repair and growth. In addition, it is used for transmission of the nerve impulses that are often responsible for the cognitive response with regards to the environmental changes. Furthermore, it is required for building various complex molecules including hormones and enzymes from the simplest molecules that are usually produced after the food diagnosis. Based on this, there also emerges the perspective of cellular energy Supply (Coffee, 1998). Here, various activities are often involved so as to ensure integral energy supply, and they include; Respiratory, Digestive systems; and Cardiovascular (Conway & Akins, 1984). The entire digestive system allows for water and food to be taken in through enzymes, thereby leading to the ultimate breakdown of the complex molecules into simple soluble substances that are capable of moving into the cardiovascular system’s capillaries. Such a cardiovascular system thus transports these materials all the way to the body cells and liver via the ultimate bloodstream. There are various systems that are involved when it comes to the aspect of energy supply into the body cells. They include the cardiovascular, respiratory, as well as the digestive. Both the respiratory and digestive systems are essential in production of the energys primary ingredients, oxygen, and glucose. It hence means that; they produce energy through the perspective of cellular respiration. It is the process whereby the prevailing chemical bonds between molecules are significantly converted into a form of energy that is largely utilized in the life processes (Films Media Group, 2007). On the other hand, the entire digestive system has a greater responsibility for consuming water and food. As the above process transpires, the respiratory system tends to receive a persistent reloading and refreshment of oxygen with the help of lungs. D1-Cardiovascular and Respiratory System In this segment, the main perspective is to try and bring some insights based on two body systems. For our case, the body systems that are in question include the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. IT has to do with the aspect of relating these two systems with regards to their functionalities. The cardiovascular or the respiratory system refers to an organic system that allows for blood circulation. The other major role is that of transport of nutrients such as amino acids, carbon dioxide, oxygen, blood cells, as well as the hormones to and from the body cells in order to provide help and nourishment in stabilize temperature, fighting diseases, as well as the pH, and maintenance of homeostasis. On the other hand, the respiratory system refers to the system that consists of particular structures and organs utilized in the organism’s respiration processes. It is involved in the exchange and the intake of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment and an organism. The cells that forms the tissues and organs of the entire respiratory system tend to play various pivotal roles including the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Breathing generally involves the aspect of inhaling air that contains oxygen, while exhaling air that is comprised of the increased carbon dioxide amounts and waste product. On the other hand, the cardiovascular system tends to be responsible for blood transport and the carriage of diverse body substance. These two major body systems are closely incorporated and often the response to any form of the body change is usually manifested in each other. Various physiological requirements have to be met so as to remain healthy. These include, maintaining the right amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the internal environment and maintaining the right volume of fluids which contribute to sustaining blood pressure. So when the body carries out an activity where the muscles need more oxygen and nutrients to function efficiently then the cardiovascular system responds to increase the flow of blood and heart rate increases. The respiratory system needs to ensure sufficient oxygen is provided so respiration rate increases. Both systems also ensure the removal of waste products. Task 5 (P5): The concept of homeostasis Homeostasis is derived from two Greek words i.e. homeo, meaning similar and stasis, meaning stable. In general homeostasis refers to a stable state, balance or equilibrium. It is a state whereby the body attempts to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despite the ever changing external environment. Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment even when there are stimuli or changes in the external environment. Homeostatic regulation involves three mechanisms i.e. receptor, control centre and effect. The receptor receives information that something in the external environment is changing (Coffee, 1998). The control centre receives and processes information from the receptor. Lastly, the effect or responds to the commands of the control centre by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus. The heartbeat of a normal person usually ranges from 60 up to hundred beats per minute. Any other rate outside this normal range is corrected through homeostasis. There are two corrective mechanisms namely the negative and the positive feedback mechanisms. During an exercise the heartbeat rate increases rapidly in order to keep up with the demand of more oxygen in our muscles. The body responds to this increased demand by increasing blood flow which is achieved by an increase in the heartbeat rates. Breathing rate also increases since our muscle tissues demand more oxygen. In order to get more oxygen into the body and into your blood to flow to those muscles, the rate of breathing rises. To get rid of the larger amount of carbon dioxide being released you have to take in more oxygen through breathing that is the reason as to why there is an increase in the heartbeat rate The temperature goes up since there is more heat which is released from increased metabolic rate that causes sweat glands all over the skin to release sweat which cools our bodies down (Conway & Akins, 1984). This explains what our bodies do to maintain an optimum/normal condition. Our muscles contracting uses up more glucose, so our blood glucose levels needs to be maintained; a stimulus here is the change in the blood glucose concentrations. A negative feedback increases the blood glucose levels by producing glucagon which stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose by the alpha cells in the pancreas, which is then released and absorbed by cells blood glucose levels Exercise lowers blood glucose levels due to the fact that the insulin sensitivity goes up, so our cells are able to use any available insulin to take up glucose during the exercise. When the muscles also contract our cells takes up more glucose and uses it for energy whether insulin is available or not. M2 - probable homeostatic responses to changes in the environment inside and outside the body: Homeostasis is the process that ensures that the internal body environment is maintained stable despite environmental changes. Homeostasis ensures that the body is adaptive to different conditions. Breathing and Sweating During an exercise, the muscle tissues require additional oxygen. In turn, the body increases flow of blood creating a higher blood pressure. As a result, increased breathing is enhanced to supply additional oxygen. Similarly, during intense exercise, the body temperature increases. Sweat glands respond by producing more sweat to cool the body. Blood Pressure The human body has receptors found in the blood vessels. These receptors monitor the levels of pH in the blood as well as the resistance of flow of blood against the walls of the blood vessel. During an exercise, the blood pressure significantly increases (Conway & Akins, 1984). Receptors respond by sending a message to the brain. The brain then sends signals to the heart and the blood vessels to correct the deviation. Maintaining body temperatures During cold weather, the body muscles respond contracting and relaxing hence creating some warm through shivering. Importance of homeostasis Homeostasis plays a very much significant role in maintaining optimal conditions in the body. Thermoregulation is necessary under various environmental conditions so as to provide optimum body temperatures for various body functions to take place effectively. Homeostasis helps in ensuring that the blood pressures are maintained and hence preventing the chances of hypertension. Maintaining the correct levels of glucose in the blood is necessary to control the possibility of diabetic conditions (Films Media Group, 2007). Poor homeostatic responses results to disorders that affects the proper functioning of the body. Some of the possible disorderly conditions that may arise include poor water regulation resulting to diabetes insipidus, poor body response to changing external temperatures, and hypertension. D2 - the importance of homeostasis in maintaining the healthy functioning of the body Human bodies generally operate in systematic manner. For instance, during summer, it copes with the level of the subjected heat, and similarly during winter, it regulates its adaptability ratio as well as its functionalities such that there is no a drastic effect by cold weather. This is basically as a result of the entire process of homeostasis that is also regarded as equilibrium. In simple terms, it is a form of a balancing act that is mutually performed by the human body. It is thus the ability of our bodys to make internal physiologically adjustments. In response to the ultimate external environmental changes the system operates in a very adaptive manner that works towards the maintenance of homeostasis that is essential for ensuring wellness and health. The entire maintenance of homeostasis tends to mean that the body system is making appropriate internal response towards the external transformations such as weather. It is hence an ideal harmony for proper functioning of the internal organs. The foremost warriors and contender who tends to maintain such a balance are the liver, brain, and kidneys (Coffee, 1998). Kidneys are responsible controlling the substance re-absorption in blood, the levels of blood water, as well as the ion and salt content regulation in blood. Furthermore, the excretion of various wastes tends to be controlled by kidneys. In addition to this, the liver executes the ultimate function of removing toxic substances and carbohydrate metabolism. Brain is thus the key element for all functions, by controlling the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, which assists in retain of homeostasis. It hence determines the body metabolism. References: Conway, L., Akins, L., & Good Apple, Inc. (1984). Body systems. Carthage, Ill: Good Apple. Coffee, C. J. (1998). Metabolism. Madison, Conn: Fence Creek Pub. 4 Learning (Firm), Films for the Humanities & Sciences (Firm), & Films Media Group. (2007). Homeostasis. New York, N.Y: Films Media Group. Read More