Pregnancy, Childbirth, Termination of Pregnancy - Assignment Example

Ethics Definition of terms Section I Neocortical Death It is the partial brain death for humans since the human being proves deadonly after the outer layer covering the cerebrum called neocortex has stopped working. Bare Difference Argument Bare Difference Argument is an attempt to erase the distinction between the passive and active euthanasia by indicating that they both consequence in the same point ultimately reflecting a boy in the bathtub. Active Euthanasia It is the preconceived and direct murder of another human life either out of motives of mercy, beneficence, or respect for personal autonomy and mercy killing. In Vitro Fertilization It is the process whereby the human eggs are received from a mother or a donor, and the sperm is got from a father or donor for a Petri dish conception. Coercive Public Policy Coercive policy, transfer instances of developing countries where the bureaucrats assume to be compliant government actors are ready to push for fear of losing much-needed condition department. Gradualism The process by which a zygote develops to a personhood, which is a gradual plane where the unborn gains moral rights as it develops. The unborn closer to their births represents a real man while the zygotes do not reveal anything. First and second Order Capacities It deals with the derivation and the analysis of the statistical properties of the instantaneous channel capacity introduced in the suitable stochastic model for multichip diminishing channels. Preemptive suicide It is the suicide, which happens not of current suffering, but the anticipation of predictably long, the drawn-out decline in illness. Pregenetic Diagnosis It is the testing of the pre-implanted stage embryos or oocytes for the genetic defects caused by the severe disorders. It offers the pre-implanted testing for the couples with a high risk of Mendelian disorders. Just War Theory It is a theory supporting the war but not human atrocities like mass killing, destruction of property, and genocide. Just war deals with the defense and protection of humanity in cases of war. Public Reasons It envelops a various elements making up the ideal constitutional democracy for it governs political relations uniting the citizens. Passive Euthanasia Passive euthanasia recognizes that medical science can just do much to protect our health but not death, so death is there is a chance for death to come at appropriate time, and people should stop struggling with death. Agnostic View of Abortion It states that no one knows the precise time for parenthood and the benefit of the doubt must accord to the unborn. Principle of Self-Restraint The principles of self-restraint define the ability where one control his or her feelings, desires or actions by own will, or power controlling external reactions and emotions. Surcease Suicide Its is a form of suicide, which is committed as an escape from current suffering as opposed to preemptive suicide. Section II Question 1 The foremost argument is that there is justification for a woman to commit an abortion. Secondly, everybody has the right to privacy concerning what to do with his or her bodies. Lastly, the fetus is not yet a human being. Question 2 It recognizes that that medical science can only do so much and that an individual must recognize this and allow death to come at the proper time. A time comes when we need to stop struggling against death by any means. The passive euthanasia can be justifiable by five criteria such as the patient in terminal, and the death is eminent, culminating in death in a couple of hours or days. Question 3 Children are gift from God to human beings, and no one should make children for himself. The unborn are considered as people with conception and deserve respect in the entire reproductive process. The procreation process is designed by God to happen within the context of stable, heterosexual, monogamous marriage1. Question 4 Wars can sometimes be justified, and the participation in the war is acceptable by some moderation not excessively. The criteria supporting the Jus ad Bello are that wars erupt just by a course, which must be genuine to the parties involved in the War. The war must have just had an intention and intent is to secure peace for all people. Wars must be the last thing to do after all the diplomatic efforts fails to provide solutions to the differences. Question 5 The foremost moral problem discussed includes the use of the third party involvement. Secondly, the use of surrogate further displaces procreation from its intended parentage by separating the biological bonds in exchange for eggs and the sperms from the donors. Lastly, commercial surrogacy is a sign of trading on human beings because of the charges by the commercial surrogacy with baby selling people using children as products for sale. The potential exploitation of the desperate couples, the low-income surrogates, by the surrogate brokers, as they make the high profits made from the expensive cost of surrogacy. Question 6 There are many reasons presented in support of physician-assisted suicides such as obligation of having patients overcome pain and suffering and not abandon them in their time of need. People have the autonomous right to end their life if they are suffering2. No coercion to endure pointless suffering and physicians can establish criteria that are adequate protections against abuses by doctors and institutions. Question 7 Substantive view states that metaphysically speaking the new being is particular kind of being with nature and it is a process of becoming in terms with that nature. Moreover, it explains that new being is not a potential person but is essentially a person, and it develops just as other seeds grow, therefore, deserves respect. However, the functionalistic view states the use of personhood in abortion debate as justification for why the unborn children lack the right to life. It states that we afford individuals right to life for what they do than what they are. Question 8 It is involving many legal requirements making it expensive to manage being a boon for the only affluent people. Some people operate surrogacy as a business venture by brokering for the donors making large profit from the process. Question 9 Eberle’s relates private conscience and the imposition of coercive policies by the public in almost precisely the same way as Kant. Eberles ideal conscience careful commitment seems more respectful than the account Hill in Kant. Question 10 Pacifism is the moral concept that the application of force is wrong for any reason. It is applicable for both the initiation of force, defensive or retaliatory force. People accept pacifism because of faulty inductive process noticing that using force can be evil. If you life is threatened pacifism holds that the self-defense is not worth. Pacifism states that if someone steals your property you should not retrieve the good. It also asserts that if someone murders he should not be punished making the theory denying its believers leaving them with no option but at the mercy of any thug. Section III Question 1 Pluralism and liberal democracy have the moral task to deny religious arguments in public attempts to influence their fellows in supporting coercive public policies. It is argued that the duty not to use sorts of religious arguments in the public area is a moral obligation. It is vital to specify the concept of coercive public policy. Religion has underlying powers to influence and change the moral living of individuals and can be incorporated ethically to deny the issues involved with same-sex marriage. The coercive public policy has legal policies that restrict the liberties of the citizens to participate in activities such as abortion and gay marriage. Religious believers who support coercive public policies because of the religious convictions disrespect citizens who strongly oppose such religious convictions as fallacy. Coercive policies should not be justified depending on the controversial issues but they should specially enjoy public justification and support. The justification of the coercive policies implies that religious and political factors are the subjects of restraint in supporting the policies on basis of much controversial ground. The restraint avocations achieve less moral understanding, which is rationally acceptable to all religious and political affiliations. There is an assumption that good citizens in a liberal democracy commit to patriotism while respecting fellow citizens. Love together with religious values promotes perfect moral understanding and ethical principles disregarding the habits denounced inappropriate in society, such as gay marriages and abortion. The strong religious affiliations have influencing powers on decrees of the coercive policies because of the ethics and rules set to meet the standards in the society. Question 2 The human personhood is the key issue of ethics, which is quite relevant to the theories explaining how humans should act towards their fellows. Personhood term depicts that human beings are members of a moral community having moral rights and privileges inherent to their value and status. There are significant aspects of personhood, functional view, and the substance view. The Dr. Foreman substantive view states that metaphysically speaking the new being is particular kind of being with nature and it is a process of becoming terms with that nature. He explains that new being is not a potential person but is essentially a person, and it develops just as other seeds grow, therefore, deserves respect. Dr. Foreman asserts that there are three major theories to explain the personhood such as agnostic, gradualist and decisive moment theories. The beginning of the personhood is marked with decisive moments of various beliefs, but Dr Foreman well explains for the beginning of personhood by the theories. The agonistic theory of personhood Individuals holding the agnostic theory believe that no person has the knowledge of the beginning of the personhood. They believe that because not everyone agrees to the specific person begging no individual knows and it doest matter. Gradualism theory of personhood The theory enables the gradualist that personhood does not begin at any point. They believe in the development of the conceptus gradually to a person. Gradualist argues that fetus has more rights than an embryo and zygote. Decisive moment theory of personhood It is the best last theory to be concerning personhood showing the decisive moment, which a human being becomes a person. Bibliography Boudreau, J. Donald, and Somerville, Margaret A.. "Euthanasia and assisted suicide: a physicians and ethicists perspectives." Medicolegal & Bioethics 4, (July 2014): 1-12. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 4, 2015). Tham, Elizabeth., Schliep, Karen, and Stanford, Joseph. "Natural procreative technology for infertility and recurrent miscarriage Outcomes in a Canadian family practice." Canadian Family Physician  58(5) (2012): 267-274. Read More