Land Measurement and Navigation - Assignment Example

Land Measurement and Navigation Customer inserts his/her name University’s name Date KAPS : The table Step Latitude Longitude Distance (nm) 1 20o19’28”S 148o51’55”E 4.5 2 20o9’14”S 148o52’17”E 9.99 3 20o5’27”S 148o42’7”E 8 4 20o4’54”S 148o52’38”E 9.92 5 20o3’21”S 148o54’44”E 2.5 6 20o4’7”S 148o55’58”E 1.1 7 20o01’5”S 149o02’05”E 4.205 8 20o9’28”S 149o4’16”E 6 9 20o15’46”S 149o2’33”E 6 10 20o17’37”S 149o4’4”E 2.5 11 20o20’41”S 149o2’3”E 4 12 20o19’24”S 148o56’17”E 8 13 20o19’28”S 148o51’55”E 1.08 Working out section of the steps Step 1: Sail on a bearing of 294oC for 45 minutes, travelling at 6 knots Step2: Sail north by the compass, until Whitsunday peak is directly east, by the compass Step 3: Sail on a bearing of 319oC for 1hr , at speed of 8Knots Step 4: Sail to Black IS Step5: From Black Is sail on a course OF 019oc for 2.5nm Step 6: sail to rock in Butterfly bay, to go diving Step 7: sail to area’s best fishing spot, at position 20o01.5’S, 149o02.5’E Step8: Sail directly towards Deloraine Is, until you have travelled 6nm. Step 9: Head directly to lagoon Rock, in Whitehaven Step 10: sail on a bearing of 275oC for 2.5nm Step11: sail on a bearing of 187oC for half an hour at a speed of 8 knots Step 12: sail on a bearing of 275oC for 8nm Step 13: Head back to the Marina The first set is for sailors who wish to visit the resorts of Palm Bay, Hayman Island and Lindeman Island, starting and ending the trip at the marina on Hamilton Island. The table Step Latitude Longitude Distance (nm) 1 20o18’38”S 148o50’9”E 6.5 2 20o21’50”S 148o50’43”E 3.37 3 20o12’59”S 148o47’58”E 9.23 4 20o2’7”S 148o52’49”E 11.8 5 20o8’40”S 149o4’41”E 12.95 6 20o16’52”S 149o2’47”E 6 7 20o01’5”S 149o02’05”E 2.5 8 20o26’3”S 149o1’33”E 9 9 20o27’31”S 149o1’18”E 2 10 20o22’42”S 148o56’49”E 6.5 11 20o20’43”S 148o56’44”E 2 Working out section of the steps Step 1: Sail on a bearing of 294oC for 65 minutes, travelling at 6 knots Step2: Sail on a bearing of 163oC for 3.37nm. Step 3: Sail on a bearing of 331oC for 1.5hr, at speed of 6Knots Step 4: Sail to Hayman Island. Step5: sail to Deloraine Island at a speed of 8 knots Step 6: sail to Lagoon Rock, in Whitehaven at 8 knots Step 7: sail on bearing of 1300C for 2.5nm Step8: Sail at 1760C to Little Lindeman Step 9: Head directly to Lindeman Step 10: sail on a bearing of 323oC for 6.5nm Step11: head directly to Marina The second set is for whom like fishing. This trip visits the renowned fishing spots of Petrel and Triangle Islands, plus the underwater observatory on Hook Island. It also starts and ends at the marina on Hamilton Island. The table Step Latitude Longitude Distance (nm) 1 20o29’54”S 148o56’31”E 9 2 20o31’20”S 149o2’34”E 6 3 20031’32”S 149o2’34”E 1 4 20o31’46”S 149o4’26”E 2 5 20o30’22”S 149o5’3”E 2.5 6 20o29’30”S 149o6’32”E 1.8 7 20o16’22”S 149o7’14”E 13 8 20o11’49”S 149o6’52”E 5 9 20o10’59”S 149o2’18”E 4 10 20o10’23”S 149o0’27”E 1 11 20o9’4”S 148o57’21”E 2 12 20o10’55”S 148o56’19”E 2 13 20o18’11”S 148o52’33”E 8 14 20o20’43”S 148o56’44”E 5 Working out section of the steps Step 1: travel directly to Long Shoal at 8 knots Step2: Sail south east to Platyous Step 3: travel 1800C for 10 minutes at a speed of 6knots Step 4: Sail at a bearing of 900C for 2nm Step5travel at a bearing of 33oC at a speed of 8knots for 15min Step 6: sail to triangle Islands. Step 7: sail to Workington at 10knots per hour Step8: Sail directly to Petrel at a speed of 6 knots. Step 9: Head directly to border Step 10: sail on a bearing of 290oC to Dumbell Step11: travel on a bearing of 3000C to 20o9’4”S, 148o57’21”E Step 12: sail on a bearing of 190oC under water Observatory. Step 13 sail to 20o9’4”S, 148o57’21”E Step14: sail back to marina. Discussion of the strength, weakness/limitation, variable The Global Positioning System (GPS), among Glonass, Planned Galileo and Loran, is one of the Radio Navigation Systems (RNS) which are used for facilitate the distribution of time and navigation services. The RNS acts as a system of distributing time although navigation only requires timing relatively. The Global Positioning System is stem of navigation that is based on the Satellite having a network composed of twenty four satellites that have been placed in orbit. It has stations on earth that monitor and control it. Its functionality is fully complete by the GPS receivers that are possessed by the users. Though initially meant for military use only by the U.S. Defense Department, it is now also used variously by the common public. These satellites used in the GPS technology rotate round the earth two times in a day in its own orbit while transmitting information signals to the earth. By use of triangulation, the receivers of the GPS use the received information to calculate the location of the user. This is possible because the receiver compares the time of signal transmission and its reception on the satellite. This time difference obtained informs the receiver the distance of the satellite away from the specific point on earth. When the distances are therefore measured by the receivers on the different satellites, the user’s exact position can be obtained and shown on the electronic map of the unit. To be able to calculate the latitude and longitude position (2-D) and monitor movement, the receiver GPS has to be attached to signals of not less than three satellites. When four and above satellites are used, the 3-D position, that is the altitude, longitude and the latitude, can be determined. After the determination of the position, other parameters like bearings, destination distance, speed, sunrise, sunset, track and the distance of the trip among others can be determined (Marshall, & Harris, 2008). Different Implementations The technology of Global Positioning System has different implementation and performance expectations and design of experiments that makes it so specific and appropriate for the work it does. A good area of its application has been the Galileo Time Offset (GGTO) which identifies two options that are identifiable in the production of GPS: 1. Broadcasting GGTO as a portion of the message of Galileo navigation being determined by: Transfer of frequency and time of a satellite that is 2-way Transfer of time of a common view The timing receiver of the GPS at PTF A Combined monitor station receiver of the GPS 2. Broadcasting GGTO as a portion of the message of Galileo navigation: GGTO approximated at the price of one tracked SV in every receiver that is GPS-Galileo enabled In this implementation, option one was generally agreed upon although the manufacture of the second option is not prevented. In the implementation proposal, the implementation of the GGTO was divided into two phases. The first one dealt with constraints that are there during the process of implementation that come from the phase of Galileo In-Orbit Validation, where four satellites only of the Galileo type were to be available by the year 2008. On the side o0f the second phase option, it was to gain from the constellation of Galileo and the necessary segments on the ground. In this kind of phase, a combined monitor station receiver of GPS is the best and most efficient solution as far as implementation is concerned (Russell, & Hasik, 2002). . The technique of GPS integration of data only uses a very small number of GCP’s for acquiring the orientation parameters that are very precise yet very quickly. Another area where Global Positioning System has been aptly implemented is in the chemical industries where it has been used in the reduction of the present differences in the safety of managing the chemical by-products amongst the developed, developing and the under-developed countries. It has therefore enhanced the achievement of a standard global way of assessing safety of products. There are benefits that come through the implementation of GPS among them being: Evening the global competition conditions by its harmonization of the global standards of safe products It has improved the level of trust and credibility in the chemical industries hence making their products to be more accepted by the customers GPS has balanced the regulations and the voluntary commitments of industries as a result influencing the upcoming company principles The harmonization created by the GPS enhances the reduction of the barriers of trade Performance Expectations The Global Positioning System is expected to locate the exact portion of objects on the earth in relation with the many satellites in constant rotation around the earth. It is to use latitudes and longitudes in obtaining 2-D objects and an addition of altitudes to latitudes and longitudes to obtain 3-D objects. It is also expected, apart from the determination of the position, to determine other parameters like bearings, destination distance, speed, sunrise, sunset, track and the distance of the trip among others. GPS also monitors precisely and helps in keeping track of time (Agnew, & Larson, 2007). Designs are becoming more and more complex with modern hi-tech technology like using the RF, and both low and high speed processing and controlling of signals. Often in the design, the optimal status of the boundaries of the technologies is never known and guesses are usually made by the designers. These guesses are usually justified at nearly the end of the design process a time that is usually very late for any corrections to be made. Experimental processes designed help avoid this kind of problems and others of similar type. The Model-Based Design according to Dickson (2005) is used to offer the solutions of discovering error too late. The Model-Based Design entails a set of integrated tools which are so cost effective used to verify, partition, design, and even generate codes automatically for DSPs and even FPGAs. Verification should be done in the process at each step making sure that the goals of performance are met. The capability to automatically generate codes is then finally used to implement, with no error, the model on the actual hardware. References Agnew, D.C. & Larson, K.M. (2007). Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation. GPS Solutions. Springer. Bobbie, J. (2009). GPS system 'close to breakdown'. The Guardian. Dickson, B. (2005). The design and implementation of a GPS receiver channel. Open systems media. Marshall, B. & Harris, T. (2008). How GPS Receivers Work. Russell, R. M. & Hasik J. M. (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. Read More

A good area of its application has been the Galileo Time Offset (GGTO) which identifies two options that are identifiable in the production of GPS: 1. Broadcasting GGTO as a portion of the message of Galileo navigation being determined by: Transfer of frequency and time of a satellite that is 2-way Transfer of time of a common view The timing receiver of the GPS at PTF A Combined monitor station receiver of the GPS 2. Broadcasting GGTO as a portion of the message of Galileo navigation: GGTO approximated at the price of one tracked SV in every receiver that is GPS-Galileo enabled In this implementation, option one was generally agreed upon although the manufacture of the second option is not prevented.

In the implementation proposal, the implementation of the GGTO was divided into two phases. The first one dealt with constraints that are there during the process of implementation that come from the phase of Galileo In-Orbit Validation, where four satellites only of the Galileo type were to be available by the year 2008. On the side o0f the second phase option, it was to gain from the constellation of Galileo and the necessary segments on the ground. In this kind of phase, a combined monitor station receiver of GPS is the best and most efficient solution as far as implementation is concerned (Russell, & Hasik, 2002). . The technique of GPS integration of data only uses a very small number of GCP’s for acquiring the orientation parameters that are very precise yet very quickly.

Another area where Global Positioning System has been aptly implemented is in the chemical industries where it has been used in the reduction of the present differences in the safety of managing the chemical by-products amongst the developed, developing and the under-developed countries. It has therefore enhanced the achievement of a standard global way of assessing safety of products. There are benefits that come through the implementation of GPS among them being: Evening the global competition conditions by its harmonization of the global standards of safe products It has improved the level of trust and credibility in the chemical industries hence making their products to be more accepted by the customers GPS has balanced the regulations and the voluntary commitments of industries as a result influencing the upcoming company principles The harmonization created by the GPS enhances the reduction of the barriers of trade Performance Expectations The Global Positioning System is expected to locate the exact portion of objects on the earth in relation with the many satellites in constant rotation around the earth.

It is to use latitudes and longitudes in obtaining 2-D objects and an addition of altitudes to latitudes and longitudes to obtain 3-D objects. It is also expected, apart from the determination of the position, to determine other parameters like bearings, destination distance, speed, sunrise, sunset, track and the distance of the trip among others. GPS also monitors precisely and helps in keeping track of time (Agnew, & Larson, 2007). Designs are becoming more and more complex with modern hi-tech technology like using the RF, and both low and high speed processing and controlling of signals.

Often in the design, the optimal status of the boundaries of the technologies is never known and guesses are usually made by the designers. These guesses are usually justified at nearly the end of the design process a time that is usually very late for any corrections to be made. Experimental processes designed help avoid this kind of problems and others of similar type. The Model-Based Design according to Dickson (2005) is used to offer the solutions of discovering error too late. The Model-Based Design entails a set of integrated tools which are so cost effective used to verify, partition, design, and even generate codes automatically for DSPs and even FPGAs.

Verification should be done in the process at each step making sure that the goals of performance are met.

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