Supply Chain Management and Logistics - Assignment Example

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Executive Summary Thriving and development has been with Toyota for the past few years. Worldwide undertakings are entering markets with elevated requirements of flourishing posing a risk to existing companies like Toyota. Then again, development and an all around arranged business society posture unprecedented tests this organization and their administration particularly in times of progress. This study on supply chains of Toyota and their element nature gives a deeper understanding into the industry, methodologies, and logistics structures utilized by Toyota. Developing interest for logistics benefits should be the sole interest of Toyota logistics sector, which is portrayed by an absence of professionalism. The criteria for selecting a logistics administration supplier are evolving. Clients have exchanged their center from least conceivable costs for administrations to unwavering quality. Because of the business shift from expense, determined to quality-determined within a brief period of time, the systems for logistics administration suppliers need to incorporate more adaptability, better value security, higher transparency and expanded professionalism, keeping in mind the end goal to meet the tests. The move methodology created supply fastens to end up more dynamic, reflecting the flimsy additionally very guaranteeing business. Partnerships with outside accomplices, co-operations, and joint stock organizations are currently the way to go through. The new supply chains are a mixture of novel components joined with old various leveled plans of existing connections and associations. Toyota should adopt Omni-channel systems by focusing to change organization which is the execution of developments relating to heightening delivery. The way to go is Omni-channel configuration, which is propelling impact of having attributes and information open over all channels. Organization incorporates leveraging customer experience chances, process upgrades, and new arrangement for adoption. One explanation behind changing supply chains are new circulation methodologies, which are controlled by expanding client administration desires, developed business sector scope, immediate channel structures, long haul channel connections, and developing gainfulness, stabilization, and vindication. Directors should unequivocally characterize the aspects and necessities of any key organization. Exact methods and guidelines must be created with the goal, control and consistency of yield increment across all the departments. Moreover, supervisors have to play their part by instilling trust and responsibility among employees through Corporate Social Responsibility codes. 1. Introduction Supply Chain Decisions: The decisions involving supply chain management have categorized to operational and strategic. Strategic decisions are considered for choices over a longer period horizon. Location decisions are achieved by identifying and placing production facilities, stocks, and source points it becomes the most vital first step to developing a supply chain. It involves deploying resources for a long-term plan. Production decisions are made on the basis of the products to be produced and the various production centres, allocation of various suppliers to production plants, and to customer markets. Inventory decisions are managed from the start and exists every other stage and can be raw materials, partially complete or finished goods. Inventory gains acceptance through buffering against eventualities that may arise. Transportation decisions are the most paramount and considered strategic. They are chosen by making trade-off of cost for particular transport mode and other indirect cost due to inventory. Among the modes to be considered are air shipments, which are fast, reliable, and safe though they are expensive, sea or rail shipments which are cheaper, holds large amounts of inventory. Supply Chain Modeling Approaches a) Network Design Methods: These methods find the location for production, stocks, and the sourcing facilities, and routes the product(s) take. b) Rough Cut Methods; These models males up the bulk of the supply chain documentation, and usually deal with operational decisions. 2. Risks associated with supply chain management Despite the fact that a business may be little at worldwide norms, it is to a great degree complex on account of the way of agreement assembling, which has no preset product offering however makes a mixed bag of parts, odd parcels, and even one-off parts as asked for by its clients. An agreement assembling organization implies they need to manage numerous diverse requests from customers. The firm keeps up reams of item information that change much of the time as clients appeal building adjustments. This makes production network significantly more entangled. Whether building creation offices abroad, or importing products to cut expenses, or looking for new markets abroad, organizations keep on extending their supply chains all-inclusive. Aside from the clear profit of ease sourcing, building and adequately dealing with a worldwide store network can give organizations included adaptability and spryness by expanding their lists of suppliers. It can additionally help relieve the danger of a business disturbance from unforeseen occasions, for example, work strikes by spreading the supply organization extensively enough to go around limited issues. Yet extending supply chains all inclusive enormously reproduces many-sided quality and logistical tests, and numerous organizations are ill equipped. Proceeded dependence on manual procedures, absence of perceivability in the worldwide inventory network, rigid logistics, deficient danger administration, and different inadequacies are setting back the old' finances business billions of dollars every year. To turn down home supply chains outwards, organizations frequently must make key changes in operations and even authoritative structure, while upgrading the innovation base supporting production network computerization. The best worldwide contenders have inventory network administration and order intertwined all around the fabric of their association. A producer like Toyota recognizes choices for sourcing, acquirement, assembling, and conveyance from the introductory configuration of another item. Then, globalization is itself a moving target. The variables that focus the ideal blend of abroad versus neighborhood assembling or sourcing of item keep on moving, from the development of unhindered commerce zones to late spikes in oil and vitality costs that significantly build transportation costs. Hence, the best practices of industry-heading endeavors guarantee adaptability, and enhancing the monetary execution of worldwide supply chains. Compelling production network administration over a worldwide endeavor is not a discrete methodology of picking suppliers, arranging acquisition contracts, orchestrating transportation and logistics, and after those conveying items to clients. It obliges building authoritative structures that fuse store network discipline at the most punctual phases of outlining or arranging an item or administration, building solid associations with suppliers and suppliers of transportation and logistics, and sending apparatuses to empower data to stream effectively in all bearings along the store network. Knowing the area of a company supplier's generation offices is vital in distinguishing their vulnerability to security dangers. Nations that are defenseless against dangers could influence the security of the supplier's plants and could result in postponements in your inventory network or bargain the items you accept. A key inquiry to have addressed is the physical area of each of the supplier's plants or industrial facilities, and if conceivable, the areas of their crude material suppliers (Spearman 1996). Guaranteeing that a supplier can convey supplies reliably and on time is key to evaluating the danger they posture to your inventory network. Make sure to request shipment times and mode of transportation and rerouting techniques when regular calamities interfere with exchange paths. Surveying the physical security is exceptionally imperative, particularly in nations where terrorism is on the ascent. Asking about zones, for example, the materials used to build the building, presence of a gatekeeper door; satisfactory lighting around the edge, utilization of locks on all windows and entryways, border fencing, and load stockpiling systems will help you survey the capacity of the supplier to keep their area secure paying little respect to regular or institutional dangers. Requesting data around a supplier's interior courses of action gives perceivability into the security, as well as the controls put set up throughout the assembling procedure. Suppliers have tobe asked to illustrate courses of action managing how keys are looked at, guests are screened while on location, access to load is limited, utilization of workstations and electronic information is controlled, and worker record verifications are led. 3. Reducing costs Demand-driven value chain The most proficient supply chains lessen inventories and easier sets back the old' finances by making suppliers, assembling and circulation focuses receptive to genuine client request. Toyota's famous just in time store network framework calls for parts and supplies to be bought in just the amounts required to meet preparation prerequisites and to be conveyed to the plant floor in time to be introduced in vehicles on the generation line. Taking a case from GDM Electronics, which extend from expansive worldwide gadgets organizations to fair sized makers have clients who are progressively asking for constructed to-request items alongside more customary items requested from interest gauges. The organization runs vendor-managed inventory (VMI) warehouses that handle the recharging of its clients' stock for their sake. Such multifaceted nature, for a generally little organization, obliges high volumes of precise information on items both in assembling and all around the circulation pipeline. Perceivability Since interest can change rapidly, especially with quickly propelling innovation, knowledge into client interest is discriminatingly significant. In the past as stated by reports, interest arranging was regularly dependent upon seat-of-the-jeans assesses by executives with information of the conveyance channel and the cyclical developments in the business sector. Nonetheless, as the organization's assembling as of late has changed to influence ease nation sourcing, its instruments for determining interest have developed. Utilization of interest arranging calculations encourages figure out how to ideally oversee amounts, oversee shipment times, and costs. Vast, differentiated assembling organizations, working capital, and stock turns are an amazingly paramount estimation inside the organization (Biswas 2003). A solitary worldwide store network can comprise of many connections, from distinct suppliers to logistics suppliers, transportation organizations, outsider conveyance focuses and others, making faultless data stream key. Gathering data and scattering it over the proper gatherings on an opportune support is basic. Flexible global supply chain Dealing with a worldwide inventory network is substantially more mind boggling than essentially expanding household supply lines abroad; its a multi-gathering process normally described by incredibly diminished unoriginality in item quality, lead times, expenses, and dangers. A significant part of the globalization that has spread lately has been determined by the quest for easier cost generation, especially in exceedingly intense businesses with consistent weight on overall revenues. Yet the parameters used to enhance worldwide supply chains are seldom settled. Duties and assessment subsidies change, facilitated commerce zones like the EU grow, transportation expenses vacillate drastically with fuel expenses, and impermanent interruptions, for example, work strikes, characteristic catastrophes or material deficiencies can evacuate even the best-laid arrangements. To help deal with the intricacy of its store network, Toyota needs to support a whole association gave singularly to overseeing universal shipments and sorting out global exchange. This group needs to dissect always such variables as elective modes of transportation for both crude materials and completed items, wellsprings of supply and area of new plants to have the capacity to cut on expenses every year. Streamlining outsourcing Inner hierarchical structures that cultivate or administer inefficiencies are an alternate issue that torments substantial organizations. Consolidating a brought together production network procedure all around the operations of the organization. A great sample is IBM, which streamlined what is still one of the world's biggest supply chains, solidifying assembling destinations from 15 to nine overall and the pay-off was gigantic, sparing IBM Us$20bn in excess of five years. Like IBM, Toyotas' store network executives should implant inside its item gatherings, and report up through the concentrated ISC administration while working with brand supervisors to guarantee a harmony between uniqueness in the outline, sourcing and assembling of new items and their expense effectiveness from a store network viewpoint. The new worldwide structure will help diminish, if not killed, production network irregular characteristics that frequently happen. By completing so these store network will cut on expenses and different inefficiencies. Mitigating risks Notwithstanding simply cutting expenses, store network adaptability is crucial to overseeing and alleviating business progression dangers. Exploring around potential interruptions created by common fiascos is a discriminating capacity of a successful inventory network. Having great perceivability in its production network and immediate associations with its transportation accomplices helps an organization reroute shipments more rapidly than contenders do and keep store racks loaded with its stock (R.B. Handfield and E.L. Nochols 1999). Possibility arranging should be a schedule. Supporting such adaptability for Toyota a worldwide association regularly requires huge prescience, particularly in businesses that must depend, for expense reasons, on higher-volume and slower-moving transport. 4. Use of information technology to aid the transformation to a responsive Omni-channel responsive business model Today, the degree is obviously widened. As opposed to examining "versatile procedure" inside in littler center assemblies and arranging the following application venture, official authority in organizations points for a definitive advanced objective: a positively predictable encounter over all channels of association. This implies that the objective is to give client, accomplice, or worker, a stable platform over both physical channels and computerized channels. The client experience have to help actually moving starting with one channel then onto the next while having the result mindful of all past movements in different channels. At the end of the day, today the objective is accurate advanced joining. The two most basic center territories that must be set up to succeed with attaining a correct computerized union are the advanced change administration which is the execution of movements identifying with escalating advanced power and completing so in a composed way. Alternate is Omni-channel result building design, which is the advanced empowering influence of having characteristics and data accessible over all channels. Computerized conversion administration includes leveraging client experience chances, process improvements, and new plan of action usage. Omni channel result building design is the thing that makes it conceivable to draw information from inward and outer sources, and having it move through any channel. Keeping in mind the end goal to effectively drive both computerized change administration and manufacture Omni channel result construction modeling, Toyota needs to rapidly build and enable a cross-authoritative "Advanced Center of Excellence" with parts speaking to all parts of their business, and have this group assume ownership attaining accurate computerized joining. The universal thought of focusing on different channels for client engagement and cooperation originates from showcasing where organizations figured out how to tailor messages and promoting substance to distinctive interchanges media: print, TV, standard mail flyers and indexes, email and all the more as of late, cell phones. Nevertheless, these were frequently notable promoting fights with their informing and seldom attached to extensive CRM or item help supportive networks. Interpreted: multichannel regularly implied siloed encounters concentrated on deals that focused on a particular medium, whether online/web, telephone or in individual. Individuals progressively multitask, associating with various gadgets over a few channels to finish an undertaking by means of the web, email, informal communities, content informing, voice or be it starting a discussion or assignment on one, taking it up later on an alternate (Biswas 2003). Nevertheless, the force of Omni channel to change commercial enterprises and plans of action is on full show of everything from the undeniably advantageous relationship between TV and informal communities, especially Twitter, a marvel known as social TV. In attention, Toyota have to communicate with their clients utilizing sites to book and buy vehicles, versatile applications for tickets and content informing for announcements. These stages, from informal organizations to versatile applications and texting, give new ongoing correspondence channels between clients and administration suppliers. Boosting the quality and adequacy of these different association focuses obliges verifying the client experience conveyed crosswise over them is incorporated and not disconnected. Generally, a business needs to give its clients one computerized channel, spreading over different gadgets and screens that give a steady and relevant client encounter; one that comprehends where a specific movement left off so it might be continued at an alternate time or on an alternate gadget. Besides, it ought to be prescient; great at expecting what the client needs to do by complete a specific errand. 5. Sustainability measures Maintainability is one of the best tests confronting the world today. Progressively, organizations are obliged to accommodate business development with the three mainstays of maintainability: monetary proficiency, environmental uprightness, and social value. On the off chance that they neglect to do along these lines, they confront the danger of terrible asset costs, customer renunciation, and extreme fines. Going ahead, a supportable plan of action will be progressively basic to attaining enduring triumph. To be sure, supportability has turned into a key basic for organizations in all commercial ventures on the off chance that they are to keep on prospering and administer an intense edge. All organizations need to create a far-reaching understanding of practicality and methodically work to consolidate that understanding into their progressing operations and systems, with the objective of acknowledging budgetary, natural, and social value profits. Manageability is a multifaceted and complex issue, reaching out from environmental change and the consumption of characteristic assets the distance to demographics and ability deficiencies. It additionally raises the phantom of money related business instability, broad budgetary and structural progressions, and tectonic business and focused movements. Since maintainability can, in a few cases, speak to high forthright financing or chance takes, a restrained methodology is obliged to recognize the biggest and most esteem including fortunes (R.B. Handfield and E.L. Nochols 1999). Toyota organizations needs to obviously see how practicality affects their business; how enormous the potential quality pool may be; and what choices are accessible to decrease their natural foot shaped impression, ration assets, and push social value while bringing down expenses or producing new development. Expansion of clean tech solutions Innovations, items, and methodologies are helping "clean tech" join gainful development with natural profits to help asset proficiency. Clean tech has the possibility to in a far-reaching way changing existing worth creation and modern structures as is now beginning to happen in territories, for example, vitality gathering, and stockpiling and third printing. An expansive number of imaginative innovations are in the pipeline (e.g., third era biofuels); recommending clean tech is potential to influence organizations and social order. Clean tech is tapping forward-looking markets that display solid development around the world. Clean tech unmistakably offers the possibility of long haul focal point, and Toyota is obliged to make a case the worth and dangers of progressive clean tech enhancements. Discriminating purchasing paradigm Clients are beginning to distinguish the profits of supportable items and administrations, importance practicality is moving from a subordinate characteristic to a center necessity. Organizations with maintainability certifications can viably elevate them to construct brand worth and client dependability (Spearman 1996). The individuals who neglect to adjust to moving purchaser interest for feasible items will cede preference to the individuals who do. Meeting stakeholders needs Toyota should administer great associations to stakeholders, including the nearby group and potential accomplices and the media. Neighborhood stakeholders will progressively push for a practicality motivation and organizations can want that these stakeholders will investigate their maintainability and respond contrarily in the event that they don not come up to an agreement. Especially, organizations will need to persuade nearby powers that may control access to utilities, area and improvement rights, and charges that they have created a methodology to manageability that contemplates neighborhood group sways. Case in point, Volkswagen a contender to Toyota created a more water-productive procedure for its operations in Mexico in light of the fact that groundwater supply was restricted. It gets troublesome to supply both VW and the neighborhood group without effectiveness enhancement. In search of talent Potential new contracts progressively think about prospective head honchos' manageability execution when weighing their profession choices. Staff maintenance and benefit are likewise being affected by whether an organization has a proactive methodology to supportability: Sears for instance reported a 20 percent drop in turnover in the wake of actualizing a corporate social responsibility (CSR) program. In 2002, Globescan International review demonstrated that 80 percent of the individuals who worked for an extensive organization felt more terrific inspiration and devotion towards their occupations and organizations the even more socially dependable their superintendents got to be. Environmental change Investment misfortunes from serious climate occasions overall have sailed to $ 1.4 trillion in the previous ten years, up from $387 billion in the 1980s, as stated by the World Economic Forum's Global Risks 2013 report. The business effects have been evident: The 2010-2011 surges in Australia, for instance, brought about more than $350 million in cases to Munich Re; the 2012 dry spell in the United States prompted record-high costs for grain; and serious flooding in Thailand in 2011 genuinely upset semiconductor fabricating. Environmental change undermines organizations in various courses, from asset security and logistics/supply affix dangers to expanded effects of a Changing Environment on the Corporate Sector and the administrative expenses that undermine operation and base interruption. Environmental change is danger multiplier and heightens the need for organizations to survey and react to hazard variables. In addition, it commands situation based arranging and generally characterized danger administration techniques that think about all connections in the supply/production chain. More vital and operational contemplations may reveal a need for more terrific inventory network enhancement or a technique that restrains the danger of business intrusion by spreading operations crosswise over geographic locales. 6. Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Value chains (CSR) Self-evaluation When an organization has appropriated its set of principles to a supplier, it here and there demands the supplier to give an evaluation toward oneself of its CSR execution. The evaluation toward oneself takes the type of a poll, which is sent to every supplier exclusively or is made available through an online stage. CSR evaluations toward oneself can furnish the supplier with a beginning stage for building a systemic methodology to overseeing social and ecological issues. The evaluation toward oneself polls break down the codes into particular things that might be specifically connected to the organization of the supplier's operational and administration frameworks (Biswas 2003). Thus, by experiencing the evaluation toward oneself the supplier can start to recognize commonsense measures that might be executed with a specific end goal to enhance authoritative systems and work environment wellbeing. Further, with the appraisal toward oneself, suppliers get an initial introduction of what clients hope to see throughout an on location review. While on location reviews are for the most part finished just at chose supplier offices, those organizations that make utilization of evaluation toward oneself polls typically oblige all their suppliers to finish one. The effects will be incorporated in the organization's inner supplier hazard administration process. Separated from the outcomes of the evaluation toward oneself, the danger appraisal is likewise dependent upon criteria, for example, the volume acquired from the supplier, its geological area and the sort of items transformed. On location monitoring The utilization of assessment toward oneself polls may decrease the amount of on location reviews for those suppliers that appear to be agreeable with the code. Then again, normal visits at plants to screen a suppliers' social and natural execution are still basic practice. Most organizations use free outsider reviewers prepared to survey a supplier's execution against an organization's implicit rules. These outsiders can either be proficient counseling firms, or NGO and MSIs, for example, Social Accountability International or the Fair Labor Association. One of the tests with social reviews is that the business is not yet professionalized. The recurrence, profundity, and organization of the following procedures can change respectably from organization to organization. While a few organizations require their suppliers to experience, a review before the first contract is built and afterward anticipates that their suppliers will be checked each three to four years, different organizations confirm their suppliers on a more normal groundwork, up to like clockwork. Largely, the review methodology includes an assessment of the plant site and meetings with administration and laborers and an investigation of organization documents and records, for example, time sheets, compensation records and vocation contracts. The time in which an organization satisfies the review can take between a large portion of a day and six days, contingent upon the extent of the supplier. In an endeavor to better arrange CSR and obtaining capacities, Toyota needs to begin to present supplier manageability scorecards, which are utilized to base buying choices not just on criteria, for example, value, quality, and conveyance plans, additionally on social and ecological practices. It mustsupply and those organizations found with high scores will then get necessity in acquiring requests (R.B. Handfield and E.L. Nochols 1999). One constraint of this methodology however is that the organizations regularly do not reveal to what degree social and ecological execution targets tally inside the general supplier rating. Subsequently, despite the fact that organizations have a coordinated methodology to CSR, the necessity provided for value, quality, and time to market can significantly exceed social and ecological execution. Testing tools In spite of the fact that the diverse codes may address comparative subjects, the underlying checking and examining instruments organizations utilization to check code consistence contrast fundamentally. To perform a social review, Toyota review firms mustconvert implicit rules into an agenda. Like the assessment toward oneself polls, these agendas are considerably more definite than the code and can incorporate between 80 and 400 inquiries on social, ecological and administration issues, contingent upon the organization or outsider who behaviors the review. Corrective action plans Research for this study has indicated that most lead organizations are hesitant to drop a supplier specifically if there should arise an occurrence of resistance with a code. In the setting of CSR, purchasers just drop suppliers in instances of uncommon infractions or disappointment to take steps towards change. In the event that a review discovers that a supplier does not meet the principles of the client, supplier is commonly anticipated that will create and actualize a curative activity plan (Biswas 2003). 7. Money related report In the first a large portion of 2007, Toyota (Japan) toppled General Motors (GM; US) as the world's biggest automaker, offering 4.72m vehicles around the world, contrasted and 4.67m for GM. The mystery to the Japanese automaker's prosperity is the organizations' pioneering worldwide store network framework, which sources parts from about every corner of the globe and uses in time conveyance to kill waste, control stock form up, and constantly enhance generation. There is a considerable measure of shared trait and institutionalization of the parts and the stages on which Toyota's vehicles are manufactured. That provides for it enormous adaptability, nimbleness, and alternatives. Toyota's ascent to the highest point of an industry that was conceived in Detroit, Michigan more than a century prior epitomizes the sensational impact globalization has had on organizations and markets lately. As new markets for items and administrations rise and the world gets to be progressively even. Organizations that are substantial and little are doing fight with a developing number of worldwide contenders. Thus, firms must look past their down-home markets for clients, as well as for ease part and ability sourcing. Today, globalization touches organizations of just about every size and over an extending cluster of commercial ventures. Table 1 Financial report Toyota 2013 (Toyota 2013) Figure 1 Net sales and Operational income for Toyota company 2013 (Toyota 2013) Figure 2 Net Income and Total Assets for Toyota company 2013 (Toyota 2013) Risk Information Various dangers could have had a material effect on Toyota Industries' monetary condition; business comes about and offer costs. Toyota Industries judged the accompanying as future dangers as of March 31, 2013 (Toyota 2013). Item Development Capabilities Taking into account the idea of "creating engaging new items”, Toyota Industries proactively creates new items by using its heading edge advances, as it strives to suspect progressively complex and expanding needs of the business and guarantee the fulfillment of its clients. Research and development exercises are centered for the most part on creating and overhauling items in ebb and flow business fields and fringe parts. Toyota Industries needs that incomes inferred from these fields will keep on representing a critical bit of aggregate incomes and expects that future development will be dependent upon the improvement and offers of new items in these fields. Toyota Industries accepts that it can keep on developing engaging new items. Then again, Toyota Industries will be unable to estimate market needs, create, and present engaging new items in an auspicious way. This could bring about easier future development and have an antagonistic effect on Toyota Industries' money related condition and business results. Item Defects Guided by the essential reasoning of "offering items and administrations that are clean, safe and of high caliber," Toyota Industries attempts its most extreme endeavors to improve quality. In any case, Toyota Industries cannot ensure all its items will be abandon free and that item reviews will not be made later on. Item deserts that could prompt extensive scale reviews and item obligation reimbursements could bring about huge (Toyota 2013). In addition to different elements that may have influenced their result is value rivalry, dependence on suppliers of crude materials and segments, ecological regulations, swapping scale variances, retirement profit liabilities, and chief clients, impacts of calamities, and force power outages and different occurrences. Figure 3 Supply chain implementation flow diagrams Conclusion The persevering globalization of commercial enterprises and economies around the globe has made supply chains an evermore-basic part of organizations vast and little. Increased rivalry from abroad, alongside an interrelated need to search abroad for both new markets and easier expense wellsprings of supply, make enlarging the store network internationally a basic. The quality of comprehensively coordinated supply chains that give perceivability, adaptability, and danger administration can dispense with countless dollars in expenses and help organizations develop income considerably. Around the key steps, organizations should take in as they arrange for a worldwide production network methodologies are: • Creating brought together store network administration operations that are coordinated vertically and on a level plane, in a grid, all around all business forms from item outline through sourcing and obtainment to assembling and appropriation. • Improving the quality, amount and perceivability of item information up and down the store network, beginning with clients and including suppliers, logistics and transportation administration suppliers, merchants, retailers, and others. Careful and exact interest arranging is central. • Building adaptable supply chains with broadened wellsprings of supply and logistics, however with solid, commonly helpful associations with suppliers and administration suppliers. • Routinely assesses and test alternate arrangements for managing unforeseen occasions that could upset supply lines. • Maintain associations with elective wellsprings of key supplies, and have an expansive enough transportation and logistics system to evade restrictions. List of references BISWAS, Y. Narahari and S. (2003). Supply Chain Management: Models and Decision Making. Supply Chain journals, 2 (1), 1-65. R.B. HANDFIELD AND E.L. NOCHOLS, Jr. (1999). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. vol.2. 2 ed., london, Prentice Hall. prentice hall sereis, 1. SPEARMAN, W.J. Hopp and M.L. (1996). W.J. Hopp and M.L. Spearman. Factory Physics: Foundations of Manufacturing Management. vol.4. 3 ed., Irwin, McGraw-Hill, 3. TOYOTA (2013). Financial Review. [online]. Last accessed 16 April 2014 at: HYPERLINK "www.toyota.com/financialreport" www.toyota.com/financialreport M. P. Baganha and M. A. Cohen. The Stabilizing Effect of Inventory in Supply Chains. To appear in Operations Research, 1998. W.J. Hopp and M.L. Spearman. Factory Physics: Foundations of Manufacturing Management. Irwin, McGraw-Hill, 1996. N. Viswanadham. Analysis of Manufacturing Enterprises. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. N. Viswanadham and Y. Narahari. Performance Modeling of Automated manufacturing Systems. Prentice Hall of India, 1998. Sunil Chopra and Peter Meindel. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation, Prentice Hall of India, 2002. Jeremy F. Shapiro. Modeling the Supply Chain. Duxbury Thomson Learning, 2001. David Simchi Levi, Philip kaminsky, and Edith Simchi Levi. Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies. Irwin McGrawHill, 2000. Ram Ganeshan and Terry P. Harrison. An Introduction to Supply Chain Management D. 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