An Investigation into the Effects of the 2012 London Olympics - Dissertation Example

Dissertation proposal An Investigation into the Effects of the London Olympics By Lu Mengye 09203818 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF THE 2012 LONDON OLYMPICS Background Olympics Games is a multi-sporting event, which is held after every four years. This event is sub-divided into two main sporting events i.e. winter sporting events and summer sporting events. Following their initiation, Olympic Games have gradually developed to a tremendous extent. Going down memory lane, it has been discovered that the birth of Olympia took place in 776 BC, which was serving as a culture; however, later on this cult gave rise to Olympics. Olympic events have been held in different countries since their initiation, and this time, luck is on London’s side since they are the next host of 2012 Olympics. Although London is extremely privileged to be the next host considering the numerous benefits that accrue from this event, London has to prepare effectively so as to ensure there are no disappointments during this event (Coleman 2004, 13). As a matter of fact, London has selected a number of cities where the Olympic Games will take place and is preparing thoroughly to ensure that these cities are safe. Aims and Objectives The main aim of this research is take a closer look at the Olympic games and the advantages accruing from these games. It has been noted that in the previous events, a number of host countries have failed to fully utilize the opportunities brought about by these games, while at the same time, residents of these host countries have been the least beneficiaries of this event. On the other hand, the objective of this research is to study how London can successfully utilize the opportunities brought about by hosting the 2012 London Olympic Games. There are numerous opportunities, which are brought about by hosting the Olympic games, this range from boost in the economy especially as a result of tourism, improved infrastructure, amproved technology, as well as the improved lifestyle for the residents. Considering that London will be hosting the next olympic games, all eyes are on this nation so as to see how it it will either succeed or fail in being hosting their visitors. Apart from that, London’s role will be put under intense scrutiny especially with the rising cases of insecurity in the world, as well as the many incidents of terrorism attack that have been reported. This dissertation will endevour to dig deep into the preparation, thereby assuring the participants of their safety as per the preparations of this host nation. Initial Literature Review This literature review focuses on the basic theories to be considered in the influencing of an investigation into the effects of the 2012 London Olympics. This review is divided into three main sections i.e. the paradox of globalization and localization, strategy perspective, and impact of culture. The paradox of globalization and localization: According to the theory of globalization and localization, the global convergence is mainly composed of convenience, low cost and high frequency of international communication, transportation and travel (De Wit & Meyer 2004). With the development of technology, the issue of distance has been overcome, and this has been a major boost in the Olympic games, considering that each time these games are held in different countries. This has improved the relationship amongst countries globally since they have become more closer than before. In the recent past, globalization has become extremely important expecially in the development of international strategy which includes global products and brands. With the opportunity of being the host country of the Olympic games, London opens doors for a markets, as well as target customers for global products and brands. Although there is the adoption of a standardized strategy, which might be desirable under certain conditions, we cannot ignore the fact that there are several constraints to restrict the development and implementation of a standardized strategy. Strategy perspective: This theory suggests that strategy means that any individuals, enterprises or country is capable of reaching their goals (Grant 2010). According to Grant (2010), strategy is focus on look forward a way to success and neglect the detailed plan, because of the business environment has become more unsteady and unpredictable than before. Under this kind of business environment, strategy is better to adopt flexibility and responsiveness when a firm suffered unexpected threats or where new chances come out continually. In this case, London has a great opportunity being the hosts of the 2012 Olympics, and that is why strategy becomes an important tool to direct this nation’s tide over this opportunity. Considering that strategy is to operate effectively and not to do things better, London has its own strategy to navigate and exploit this opportunity. Cultural perspectives: In the process of international trade in the world, products usually bring culture values, which in most cases act as cultural icons. According to Whetmore (1987), a cultural icon is a symbol or image, which can be easily recognized. Therefore, cultural icon represents a concept or an objective in a wide culture area. Apart from that, Whetmore (1987) states that the representation of cultural icon can be regarded as a particular status, a place or a period in history at sometimes; while at the same time, cultural icon can be seen national or regional whch related to a country as well. Therefore, in this case, London has an opportunity to showcase the symbolic status of their culture, while at the same time, idealizing it during the hosting of the Olympic games. Therefore, there is the need to study how cultural artifacts heritage can be incorporated into the cultural space. The Five Host Boroughs Following the Olympic bidding phase, the five host boroughs, which are comprised, of Hackney, Greenwich, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest; have been working hand in hand to ensure that their communities take advantage of both the opportunities, as well as the investment that come along with the Olympics. London won the privilege to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games following their promise of regenerating the area, so as to benefit everyone who lives in this area. This has become the primary principle of organizing a number of agencies engaged in the Olympics. The Strategic Regeneration Framework (SRF) for the Olympic host boroughs was published in November 2009, which contains an outline about Olympic legacy by the host boroughs that go way beyond the sporting arenas, as well as the Olympic Park. The SRF portrays an area that has some of the most vivacious and exciting places to live in London, although there are remains of entrenched challenges around deficiency. On the other hand, the host boroughs assume that the Olympics offer a unique opportunity to handle these challenges completely (Butterfield 2011, 105). There is a massive gap among the social consequences in the five borough compared to the rest of London despite this being some of the extreme vibrant, as well as diverse regions of the capital, as revealed by research performed in early 2009. This area is responsible for the supreme cluster of deficiency in England and Wales; although the situation seems to be improving, the breach with the rest of London continues. The destiny of families and communities residing in the host boroughs is worse than any other community in London given that a slightly lower number of the population are employed in the host boroughs area when compared with those in London, which means about seventy seven thousand fewer people are in employed in the host boroughs. Apart from that, the percentage of households that reside in overcrowded circumstances is extremely high compared to the London. Majority of adults in the host boroughs are unqualified, compared to those London; this gap denotes that about sixty seven thousand more people than the London average are unqualified. It has also been established that an extra fifteen people out of every a hundred thousand of the population succumb to premature deaths in the host boroughs compared to those in London overall (Hunter 2011, 145). The Legacy Vision The Strategic Regeneration Framework has come up with an ambitious legacy vision, whose objective is that, in the next twenty years, the communities that host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games will take pleasure in the same social, as well as economic chances, in line with their neighbors across London. This principle of convergence as is commonly referred to shows that achieving this objective will mean that a pace of change, which in most cases, is either two to three times the typical improvement rate of London (Lee 2006, 78). Security during the Olympic Games Organizers of the London Olympic articulate that the technological systems for the next Olympic Games have tested positive and are capable of withstanding the dangers accruing from cyber attacks. The Technology Operations center, responsible for monitoring power, security, telecommunications, as well as the results systems, which will transmit Olympic data to both the fans and the worlds media, have already opened in the Canary Wharf part of London (Horne 2011, 54). According to Paul Deighton, who is the chief executive of the London organizing committee; security happens to be a momentous alarm of the games, thus, making cyber security is a key part of that, which leads the committee to be extremely attentive of the risks concerned. There are key steps undertaken in order to protect these systems which entail ensuring that there is an independent Olympic-committed network that offers insulation from the rest of the world, making it extremely harder to penetrate. This has been done ensuring that a quarter the intended budget has been channeled to technology, and the organizers supposing to process thirty percent more results than those achieved in the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Butterfield 2012, 56). A large team of experts has been working from the center, experimenting the technology in a number of Olympics test activities this year, and according to Deighton says that this went extremely well; therefore, that was an acceptable means of breaking into the coordination, as well as monitoring that was needed. Hence, Deighton is confident that the repeat of technological problems that took place at the 1996 Atlanta Games will not happen (Hunter 2012, 58). Every part of this system has an emergency arrangement, and this has been confirmed by the numerous tests undertaken, which have worked on the foundation that, in case a certain function is mistakenly performed instead of the other, and then there is the possibility of a recovery. Economic Sense of the London Olympics Achieving this vision is not only a matter of social justice, considering that the whole of London, as well as the national economy, will gain from a reduction in the economic and social disparities. When the host boroughs become successful, then significant numbers of families will experience dramatic improvements in their lives, and, therefore, the entire country benefits from improved tax levies, lower benefits bills, as well as new economic powerhouse, which contributes to the UK economy. Therefore, the five host boroughs require the active support of a broad range of both government and non-governmental partners. A number of government, as well as civic leaders and are all dedicated to the SRF by working so as to reflect it in both their plans, as well as priorities. The primary stage of the SRF establishes the matters facing the area, describe the method to the physical regeneration of the area, plans the targets for improvement in main deprivation indicators, and portrays the following steps for all partners. The next phase is set to follow that establishes further legacy gains, the economic projection for the sub area, along with detail of the initial five-year action plan. An analysis of cost benefits tries to scrutinize all the various costs and benefits, which include the monetary costs and benefits, as well as the non monetary costs and benefits (Hunter 2012, 189). Limitations and Opportunities Limitations There are a number of limitations associated which London will experience as a result of being the host nation of the 2012 London Olympics; these include incurring costs like financial cost for building facilities that might only be used to their maximum potential for a small time during these games. This investment is short term considering that the majority of these facilities can only be utilized for three week duration of the Olympics. Following this is the danger of ‘white elephant projects’, which means that the facilities are no longer effectively reused, an outstanding example being the Millennium Dome. Another cost that is associated with the London Olympic is the opportunity cost; this cost is normally estimated and cannot be spent on alternative schemes. Apart from that, the credit crunch denotes, private sector venture has come to an end. This intensifies the cost unto the tax payers since government spending is already experiencing some strain following the bailing out by the bank and recession. If taxpayer contemplates stepping in, then the Olympics will shake off part of their contingency fund (Hunter 2012, 262). Opportunities There are numerous benefits coming from London Olympics, which include the provision of jobs, as well as economic activity (Hennessy 1996, 135); this is necessary during a recession, when the private building sector is in a sharp decline since the government spending is perceived as part of a developmental fiscal policy. Apart from that, hosting Olympics enhances the prestige of a country; considering that this is a chance, which comes once in a lifetime, the host country uses this opportunity to provide a showcase themselves to the world since not everything can be abridged to ordinary accounts, which is a perfect example of non monetary benefits. Hosting Olympics also provides an enhancement to tourism and travel to the host country, in this case, London, during the Olympics and even thereafter. The establishment of Olympic park has assisted in regenerating the East end of London, thereby increasing civic pride. There is a lasting legacy, which normally associated with the Olympics (Wallachinsky 2008, 120); for instance, East London has advanced rail lines i.e. Dockland light railway extension, which has improved public transport, together with improved international rail station at Stratford. This has assisted in reducing congestion and increasing productivity. A majority of the venues will be utilized even after the event, for instance the Olympic stadium will continue being an athletic track, while at the same time being used by West Ham F.C (Hennessy 1996, 130). After the Olympic games, the Olympic park will partially lead to a legacy of a majority of available homes, to assist in easing the shortage of housing in London. London Olympics will also assist in the encouragement of sport in the UK, which in turn, might result in the UK having better fitness standards, as well as less obese, thereby reducing stipulations on health care. Finally, the Olympic Parkland has been established in a manner that leaves a legacy for both wildlife and the environment in the accessible area. Research and methodology Research is not just a process employed in gathering information, rather it involves answering some unanswered questions or the creation of information which is absent at the present (Goddard & Melville 2007, 89). The research process, which can either be theoretical or practical, entails exploring situation, collecting data, analyzing and explaining. There are a number of significant elements incorporated in the research methodology, which include validity of data, reliability of measures and Ethics that are a prerequisite in effective data analysis. There are many researchers feel that it is helpful to discriminate between quantitative and qualitative on the methodological issues (Bryman 2007, 100). In general, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches are useful to investigate business research problems. There are two types of research methodology i.e. primary and secondary methodology; in this research project, we apply primary methodology. Primary research is the first time collection of data for a specific purpose, and it is personally collected by the researcher (Goddard & Melville 2007, 94). Although primary research tends to be time consuming, as well as more expensive, it provides better results compared to secondary data. Carrying out primary research is an effective skill to acquire since it can greatly complement a person’s research in secondary sources, like magazines, journals, or books. Apart from that, this skill is useful in a number of setting which include personal, business, and academic. It can also be utilized as the basis of writing a project. There are a number of primary research methods which include: Interviews: These are one-on-one or small group sessions of question and answer. Interviews provide massive information from a small group of people and are helpful when seeking knowledgeable or expert opinion on topic. Interviews can be applied in both qualitative and quantitative research, and can either be face to face or telephonic. Surveys: These are a form of questioning, which is more rigid than interviews and engages larger groups of people. Surveys tend to provide information that is narrow from a large group of people and are helpful when learning what a larger population thinks. Observations: These entail taking organized notes concerning occurrences in the world. Observations give insights concerning specific events, people, or locales and are helpful when learning more regarding an event without the prejudice viewpoint of an interview. Analysis: This involves collecting data and arranging it in some manner based on developed criteria. Analysis is helpful when finding some pattern or trend. A researcher can choose the methods for primary research based on the type of data and information needed for the research. In this case, we applied observation since this methodology entails taking notes concerning occurrences in the world. The use of the official 2012 London Olympics website necessitated the observation since it gave us a lot of insight about the Olympic Games. Apart from that, an analysis into the development of Olympics games since its inception, gave us a detailed insight into the trend in which the 2012 London Olympics is to follow. The data collected by this method, as well as the arrangement of this data, turned out to be very useful in determining the pattern in which the games would take assume. \ Secondary research, according to Blumberg (2008, 111), is to find information and data, which already exist and these data or information is easily to access. Bryman (2007, 210) pointed out that the one of the most significant advantage of using secondary research is to save both time, as well as money during the process of research. Due to secondary data usually already exist, then the researcher can use these existing data and analyze them at once. However, there are many disadvantages and limitations of secondary research. Blumberg (2008, 156) pointed out several points about the disadvantage of secondary research. The main problem with using secondary data is that these data may not focus on the specific research questions. Moreover, the secondary data usually is not detailed enough; this is why secondary research could not be applicable in this project. Conclusion It is a privilege for London to host the 2012 Olympics. Although it might end up costing the taxpayer a lot of money, the benefits accruing from this function are enormous. This is a once in a lifetime opportunity to host the most significant sporting event on the calendar. Although the Olympics might make an economic loss in the short term, it has everything ruled by profit maximizing decisions (Christopher 2008, 89). Critics suggest that the money used in this function would be more beneficial if spent on health care and education since these are higher priorities; this is indeed a majestic idea, however, a lot of money is spent health care; therefore, channeling a certain figure into promoting the London Olympics, which is a once off event that might, in fact, encourage the fitness of people, thereby leading to less need of health care. 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Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Oxlade, C., & David, B. 1999. Olympics. London: Dorling Kindersley. Construction projects of the 2012 London Olympics. Ashford, Kent: Construct Uk, 2005. Hampton, Janie. 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London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Pernick, Alice. 2001. The Olympics. New York: Newbridge Educational Pub. Knill, E.. The Olympics. Santa Barbara, CA: Bellerophon Books, 1983. Sharma, Lokesh, and M. J. Akbar. The Olympics. Calcutta: Orient Longman ;, 1984. Garmon, Anita. The Olympics. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2002. Christopher, Matt. The Olympics. London: Little, Brown Children, 2008. Rigby, Christopher. Olympics. Great Bardfield: Miles Kelly, 2004. Stewart, Mark. Olympics. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2009. Roleff, Tamara L.. The Olympics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Duden, Jane. The Olympics. New York: Crestwood House ;, 1991. Osborne, Mary Pope, and Sal Murdocca. Hour of the Olympics. New York: Random House, 1998. Tatlow, Peter. The Olympics. Library ed. New York: Bookwright Press, 19881987. Fradin, Dennis B.. Olympics. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1983. Hennessy, B. G., and Michael Chesworth. Olympics!. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1996. Butterfield, Moira. The Olympics. London: Franklin Watts, 2012. Oxlade, Chris, and David Ballheimer. Olympics. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. Construction projects of the 2012 London Olympics. Ashford, Kent: Construct Uk, 2005. Hampton, Janie. London Olympics 1908 and 1948. Oxford: Shire, 2011. Horne, John, and Garry Whannel. Understanding the Olympics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 20122011. London Olympics 2012 cost benefit analysis : summary. Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Publishing, Inc. 1996. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Publishing. Sharma, L., & Akbar, M. S. 1984. The Olympics. Calcutta: Orient Longman. Garmon, Anita. The Olympics. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2002. Christopher, Matt. The Olympics. London: Little, Brown Children, 2008. Rigby, Christopher. Olympics. Great Bardfield: Miles Kelly, 2004. Stewart, Mark. Olympics. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2009. Roleff, Tamara L.. The Olympics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Duden, Jane. The Olympics. New York: Crestwood House ;, 1991. Osborne, Mary Pope, and Sal Murdocca. Hour of the Olympics. New York: Random House, 1998. Tatlow, Peter. The Olympics. Library ed. New York: Bookwright Press, 19881987. Fradin, Dennis B.. Olympics. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1983. Hennessy, B. G., and Michael Chesworth. Olympics!. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1996. Butterfield, Moira. The Olympics. London: Franklin Watts, 2012. Oxlade, Chris, and David Ballheimer. Olympics. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. Construction projects of the 2012 London Olympics. Ashford, Kent: Construct Uk, 2005. Hampton, Janie. London Olympics 1908 and 1948. Oxford: Shire, 2011. Horne, John, and Garry Whannel. Understanding the Olympics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 20122011. London Olympics 2012 cost benefit analysis : summary. Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Stewart, Mark. 2009. Olympics. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishers. Roleff, Tamara L.. The Olympics. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Duden, Jane. The Olympics. New York: Crestwood House ;, 1991. Osborne, Mary Pope, and Sal Murdocca. Hour of the Olympics. New York: Random House, 1998. Tatlow, Peter. The Olympics. Library ed. New York: Bookwright Press, 19881987. Fradin, Dennis B.. Olympics. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1983. Hennessy, B. G., and Michael Chesworth. Olympics!. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1996. Butterfield, Moira. The Olympics. London: Franklin Watts, 2012. Oxlade, Chris, and David Ballheimer. Olympics. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. Construction projects of the 2012 London Olympics. Ashford, Kent: Construct Uk, 2005. Hampton, Janie. London Olympics 1908 and 1948. Oxford: Shire, 2011. Horne, John, and Garry Whannel. Understanding the Olympics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 20122011. London Olympics 2012 cost benefit analysis : summary. Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Duden, Jane. The Olympics. New York: Crestwood House ;, 1991. Osborne, Mary Pope, and Sal Murdocca. Hour of the Olympics. New York: Random House, 1998. Tatlow, Peter. The Olympics. Library ed. New York: Bookwright Press, 19881987. Fradin, Dennis B.. Olympics. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1983. Hennessy, B. G., and Michael Chesworth. Olympics!. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1996. Butterfield, Moira. The Olympics. London: Franklin Watts, 2012. Oxlade, Chris, and David Ballheimer. Olympics. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. Construction projects of the 2012 London Olympics. Ashford, Kent: Construct Uk, 2005. Hampton, Janie. London Olympics 1908 and 1948. Oxford: Shire, 2011. Horne, John, and Garry Whannel. Understanding the Olympics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 20122011. London Olympics 2012 cost benefit analysis : summary. Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Wallechinsky, D., & Jaime, L. 2008. The complete book of the Olympics. 2nd ed. London: Aurum. Hampton, Janie. London Olympics 1908 and 1948. Oxford: Shire, 2011. Horne, John, and Garry Whannel. Understanding the Olympics. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 20122011. London Olympics 2012 cost benefit analysis : summary. Electronic version. ed. London: Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, 2002. Wallechinsky, David, and Jaime Loucky. The complete book of the Olympics. 2008 ed. London: Aurum, 2008. Barclay, Christopher. The London Olympics Bill: Bill 45 of 2005-06. London: House of Commons Library, 2005. Lee, Mike, Adrian Warner, and David Bond. The race for the 2012 Olympics: the inside story of how London won the bid. London: Virgin Books, 2006. Jenkins, Rebecca. The first London Olympics, 1908. London: Piatkus, 2008. Coleman, Michael, and Aidan Potts. Flaming Olympics. New ed. London: Hippo, 2004. Publishing, Inc. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub. ;, 1996. Hunter, Nick. The 2012 London Olympics. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. Hunter, Nick. The London Olympics 2012. London: Raintree, 2012. Top of Form Bottom of Form Read More