The Operation of Bureaucracy - Essay Example

Reflective Essay A bureaucracy is a structure of organization distinguished for its magnitude and density. All things within a bureaucracy including coursework, jobs, subsist to accomplish some goal. However, the term bureaucrat and bureaucracy are associated with negative connotations. They present to the mind indelible encounters with rigid and insensitive clerks, standing in long queues and long, difficult forms. Seemingly, all bureaucracies share related characteristics, including hierarchical organization, specialization, and formal rules. In the preeminent conditions, this distinctiveness allows a bureaucracy to function efficiently. Workers in a specialization bureaucracy carry out specific responsibilities that call for teaching and proficiency. Nevertheless, the downside to specialization is that bureaucrats frequently cannot take up a chore that is external to the range of their job description. In hierarchical organization bureaucracy, the organization is called a hierarchy; a series of stages from the nearly all basic worker in the institute to the premier director. Each stage has openly distinct influence and responsibilities. On the other hand, in formal rules, bureaucracies are designed with the purpose of functioning under prescribed rules. These guidelines affirm how all tasks in the organization are being carried out. These guidelines are frequently referred to as standard operating procedures and are formalized in measure manuals. The bureaucrats waste no time by way of following these rules (Berger 20-34). There are negations in the operation of a bureaucracy, nevertheless. The hierarchal system somehow may create a situation whereby staff finds it hard to question the judgment of supervisors. Sociologists use numerous plans and techniques to examine society and social behavior. Most sociological behavior engages ethnography designed to represent the distinctiveness of a population as entirely as possible. There are three research models, including longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential. These three models are all seemingly distinct in their own way. In cross-sectional research model, scientist examines a number of persons of varying ages who have similar characteristics of significance at a single time. On the other hand, cross-sequential model the scientists test persons in a cross-section taster more than once over a particular period of time. Lastly, in longitudinal design, the scientists analyze the same persons or community repeatedly over a particular period of time (Mills 50-77). A section of sociologists carry out research by using data that other existing social scientist. The use of openly available information is recognized as secondary analysis. This model is mostly common in circumstances in which gathering fresh data is unworkable or needless. The other way in which a sociologist can analyze data is by studying an individual with abnormal condition. For this case, the clinical sociologist may be compelled to use self-report measure to obtain quantifiable data on the issue. This is usually the case with case studies which are used in obtaining useful data about persons and small groups. However, case studies have a tendency of only applying to individuals with similar traits rather than to the wide-ranging population. The other way a sociologist can analyze data collected is by examining the information collected from surveys. Ideally, the nature versus nature debate deals with the relative significance of a person’s innate traits. This hypothesis is used independently to discuss the influence of heredity and environment upon social advancement. As we see it, the argument is based upon the comparative contributions of genetic heritage and environmental features to human progress. Some thinkers such as Plato and Descartes propose that certain things are innate despite the environmental influences. Conversely, Locke suggests that the lot that we are and all our wisdom is established by our skills. Recently, many specialists are of the notion that behavior and development are subjective to both nature and nurture. This debate has been stayed in scientific community for decades. A set of researchers believe that the genes we acquire from our parents steer our development. Others, nevertheless, suggest that our environment has a stronger responsibility in modeling who we ultimately become. Certainly, many think that both the environment and genetics play a critical function in our development. Without doubt, the nature versus nurture debates seeks to comprehend how an individual develops features such like traits, behaviors and intelligence. On the contrary, the nature and nurture debate has been embattled by many controversies, which are caused in part by issues such like obesity and homosexuality. For this case, some researchers suppose that sexuality and weigh are inherited. Others suggest that both are influenced particularly by out environment. Although this debate has been there for hundred of years, scientist have never come with definite answer or solution pertaining to the nature versus nurture debate (Anderson & Margaret 45-67). Sociologists use numerous plans and techniques to examine society and social behavior. Most sociological behavior engages ethnography designed to represent the distinctiveness of a population as entirely as possible. There are three research models, including longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential. These three models are all seemingly distinct in their own way. In cross-sectional research model, scientist examines a number of persons of varying ages who have similar characteristics of significance at a single time. On the other hand, cross-sequential model the scientists test persons in a cross-section taster more than once over a particular period of time. Lastly, in longitudinal design, the scientists analyze the same persons or community repeatedly over a particular period of time (Mills 80). Culture is a strong human apparatus for survival, but it is a delicate phenomenon. It is persistently shifting and effortlessly lost because it subsists only in our minds. Our governments, written language, cars amid other man-made things are simply the products of culture. There are especially possible three tiers of culture that are component of behavior models and perceptions. The first one is the body of cultural traditions that differentiate your particular society. When people are speaking Russian or Spanish culture, they are referring to the collective language, customs and values that put each of these peoples distant from others. Further cultures differ from one another and are segmented in four principal components which include cognitive, material, communication and behavioral features. Communication components consist of language and symbols. By having a common language, a set of people intermingle with another, publicly giving out their judgment, feelings and thoughts to the people of same language. Languages shape the center of all languages. Cognitive component consist of ideas, belief and knowledge. These are usually considered as mental demonstration and are used to systematize stimulus. Knowledge is considered as storage of data which is passed from one generation to another. Values on the end hand serve as rules for social living. Behavioral component is the main component of culture that deals with how we act; it consists of norms. It consists of norms. Norms are considered as guidelines that dictate the human behavior. The last component of culture is the material component. These consist of material created by human beings such as building (Mills 67-71). Socialization is the method by which children and adults learn from others. For this case, human beings start learning from others during the early stages of life, and many people go on with learning all through life. We learn a new musical technique, art, language, sport, culture, and so forth. The agents of socialization include family, schools, peers and mass media. The family has the greatest effect on socialization process, and usually is the first place where when we learn language, rules and morals of the culture. Schools pave way to new social world and offers significant that the society puts on gender and race. Conversely, peers from the late phase of childhood through adolescence and early adulthood influence us in one way or another (Berger 100). Power is the aptitude to force or drive someone to do your will, even if they are unwilling to do so, because of your capacity, while authority is the ability of making people do your will as a result of your personal influence. In management there are five types of five including legitimate, coercive, referent, reward and expert. Reward power states that an employee deem they are going to receive some type of reward. Traditional authority draws from long-established customs and social structures. Deviance is any behavior that breaches social rules, and is frequently of adequate strictness to guarantee dissatisfaction from the majority of society (Berger 112). Works Cited Anderson, Margaret & Taylor, Howard. Sociology: The Essentials 7th ed. Princeton, NJ: Peterson’s, 2010. Print. Berger, Peter. Invitation to Sociology. New York: Knopf, 2010. Print. Mills, Wright. The Sociological Imagination. London. Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Read More