Role of a True Distributed Computer System - Essay Example

Reality of having a True Distributed Computer System Name Date Table of Contents Introduction There are presently huge and open distributed computer systems that present a major application area intended for techniques and ideas created and managed inside social simulation as well as complex systems modeling. In the starting of the 21st century there has been a huge development in the direction of the global networking arrangements in the shape of wireless and wired broadband links to the internet offering together mobile devices as well as high-quality appliances, services and also traditional general purpose computer systems. However, the major dispute is to make use of such different arrangements to offer novel services that suit user requirements consistently. Traditional techniques of software design as well as testing are not for all time appropriate to this challenge (Hales, 2008) and (Pressman, 2001). In this scenario new research and development is going on with the passage of time. Here we are expecting new and more enhanced developments in the areas of the distributed computer systems. This paper will address some of main aspects and areas regarding the exploration for the True Distributed Computing Environment that is able to offer enhanced and effective co-operating among its subsystems. This paper will address and analyze some of main aspects area regarding the development, application and quality of the best Distributed Computing Environment in the market and business areas. Overview to Distributed Computer Systems technology A distributed system is a system in which system components (both software and hardware) located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by sending messages. The most significant element of distributed systems is its combined data network that is the spirit center of the business/or any network as well as be inclined to develop by means of the development of the business as well as the growth of technology (Dollimore et al., 2005), (Armoni, 2002) and (RabbitMQ, 2010). Sometimes the communication and collaboration network will attach a number of self-governing businesses by means of management and other servers to structure the distributed system. For instance, it is probable to explain an organizational network in a huge business by means of a huge number of elements plus departments (Dollimore et al., 2005) and (Armoni, 2002). The increase of connections causes superior interdependency of the systems as well as comprises an atmosphere through a lot of challenges intended for data security management. Customary distributed systems facilitate users to make use of data and applications on distant networks without detaining them to networks that they are straightly associated to. In server-client systems the customary functionality of the huge mainframe is separated into two aspects; one is about the user interface as well as a nucleus of one or more applications that triggered at the peripheral station described like a “client”. The next point is about the management of the database plus division of the application turned-on on another system described like a “server”. In the course of this distribution every part in the network can perform the work intended for which it is most suited. The 2-fractions of the application are linked by means of particular software facilitating move of messages among the client plus the server. Client/server applications are extremely elastic plus permit users to get right of entry to databases on a variety of networks all by means of a graphic interface that does not exist on mainframe systems (Dollimore et al., 2005) and (Armoni, 2002). In order to develop a True Distributed Computing Environment there is a necessity to develop and use appropriate co-operating subsystems. These subsystems need to comprise a lot of aspects regarding better communication, enhanced availability and superior reliability. This research is also aimed to assess and analyze such of these aspects to assess and evaluate the whether we can develop a true distributed computer system on the basis of the current technologies. Distributed Computer Systems in Industry A distributed system is a type of computing arrangement and applications in that a number of operational system parts work together through communicating over a network. The extensive expansion of the Internet as well as the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s stimulated distributed systems further than their customary application regions, like that defense, industrial automation and telecommunication, also into almost all the domains of life and business, comprising financial services, e-commerce, government, health care and entertainment. However, the establishment and development of high-quality software intended for distributed systems is rigid; fruitfully developing as well as application of high-quality reusable software is yet more difficult and harder. The standards, techniques and skills necessary to develop as well as apply reusable distributed systems software are able to not be learned through generalities as well as theories alone. In its place, developers, researchers plus educators have to learn in the course of hands-on experience how reusable software mechanism, applications and frameworks are able to be implemented, designed, validated, optimized, enhanced and maintained through implementing high-quality development patterns, practices, platforms and tools (Schmidt, 2008), (Dollimore et al., 2005) and (Whitten et al., 2000). Distributed Computer systems’ Development Difficulties Distributed systems are hard to develop and design. The complexities arise together in fundamental safety accuracy properties, and in attaining high performance. As an outcome of this difficulty, the accomplishment of a distributed system frequently holds the fundamental algorithm attached by an embedded strategy intended for making selections, like that the option of a node to interact with. The complexity in developing distributed systems happens together in fundamental safety correctness properties, and in attaining superior performance all through a broad variety of deployment settings. Developers are probable to increasingly face these difficulties like the vision of cloud computing initiates connecting data as well as computation all-trough a group of data centers that are extend over the WAN. The accomplishment of a distributed computer system frequently holds the fundamental algorithm joined by a strategy intended for making selections. An instance of option comprises selecting a node to link the system, selecting the node to promote a message to, or selecting how to acclimatize to a transform in the fundamental network. In present arrangement, like that alternatives are buried in the application source code jointly by means of fundamental functionality. There is proof that varying the strategy intended for making similar choices is able to outcome in better resilience and performance properties. To make knowledgeable selection, a lot of applications carry out measurements plus derive a model of the distributed computer system (Yabandeh et al., 2009) and (Dollimore et al., 2005). Distributed Computer Architectures Distributed computer system is composed of numerous software components that are on numerous computers, however run as a single functional and working system. The computers that are in a distributed computer system arrangement are able to be physically near jointly as well as linked through a local network, or they are able to be geographically distant plus linked through a WAN. A distributed system is able to compose of some number of probable configurations, like that personal computers, mainframes, minicomputers, workstations and so on. The objective of distributed computing is to build that assurance that communication and working network operate like a single computer (IBM, 2010). Distributed systems present a lot of advantages over centralized systems, comprising the scalability that is about a system that is capable to easily be expanded by incorporating additional machines as required. Then another main factor is redundancy that is about the numerous machines those are able to offer the similar services, thus if one is bus, so that overall business or corporate work does not stop. As well, for the reason that a lot of smaller machines are able to be employed, this redundancy does not require to be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computing systems are able to run on hardware that is offered through a lot of vendors, plus can utilize a range of standards-foundational on the software components. Similar systems are self-governing of the fundamental software. They are able to execute on a variety of operating systems, plus can make use of a variety of communications protocols. A number of hardware might utilize UNIX(R) like the operating system, as other hardware might utilize Windows OS. For inter-machine collaboration and communications, this hardware is able to utilize for TCP/IP or SNA on Token Ring or Ethernet (IBM, 2010). Distributed Computer Technologies In case of building a True Distributed Computing Environment through some subsystems comprises aspects such as: Application Software; Systems Software; Control; Data Storage and Management; Communications; Security; etc. In this scenario this section will present some of the main technology arrangements and systems those are True Distributed Computing Environment based on the some or all of above mentioned technology arrangements and platforms. As there are Technical/Architectural issues, business model issues, deployment issues etc. in realism it's a bit extra difficult (deployment, architecture, business model), so a number of systems have properties from multiple classes (Leidner, 2010). Cloud computing The technology of the cloud computing offers a resource abstraction on the network, where the foundational design is that procurement obtains outsourced to the cloud source to relieve the client as of scalability problems and infrastructural worries (dynamic sizing on require) (Leidner, 2010). The technology of the cloud computing offers the Distributed Computing service that is completely managed in the course of a 3rd provider, that gets rid of the requirement intended for a company to buy, install, as well as uphold expensive hardware, software, storage, servers, bandwidth as well as additional resources, comprising the information technology professionals who are needed to organize the software-based applications. By means of cloud computing, the client requirements nothing but a web browser as well as Internet access point/device. The web browser is able to be a customary desktop, a Netbook, or laptop PC or a mobile device like that a PDA, iPhone or BlackBerry (AllThingsCRM, 2010). Cluster computing Cluster computing is a shape of distributed computing technology where a group of systems/machines (either "ordinary" desktop PC or servers, in that case we name it a "commodity cluster") are utilized to augment throughput intended for computations. Google MapReduce as well as its open source clone Apache Hadoop are examples that are software arrangements and structures, for example software requires to be modified to devise utilization of parallelization, while batch systems like that SUN's GridEngine or Condor (U Wisconsin) operate programs with no alteration, one per node at a time, plus employing a sequential task queue to manage work when the entire nodes those are busy (Leidner, 2010). Software as a Service (SaaS) Another technology framework of Distributed Computing is known as SaaS or Software as a Service is fundamentally a cloud executing an application, therefore the resource abstracted is not an infrastructure similar to imprecise storage however a software systems (for example customer association management and accounting, sales). This outlines software does not encompass to be installed locally, that typically goes along by a pay-per-use company model. These utilize to be known as Application Service Provisioning or ASP previous to the idea of "cloud" became trendy (Leidner, 2010). SaaS (Software as a Service) technology framework has the power to change the means information-technology (IT) divisions share to as well as even think regarding their function as providers of computing facilities and services to the rest of the corporate. The appearance of SaaS like an efficient software-delivery system produces a prospect intended for IT units to transform their attention as of supporting and deploying applications to organizing the services that those applications offer. A winning service-centric information-technology, consecutively, directly generates additional value intended for the business through offering services that illustrate as of both internal as well as external sources plus bring into line closely by means of business objectives (Carraro, 2010) and (Leidner, 2010). Grid computing Grid computing is another technology framework of Distributed Computing that attaches various communication structures and systems, normally for functions of carrying out "e-science", for example huge-scale data analysis of investigational measurements that could not be performed at a particular research facility alone. Workflow network arrangements and systems have been intended to organize software on grids, as well as they frequently have Graphical user Interfaces or GUIs intended for visual parts assembly. There have been a number of efforts to utilize grids intended for linguistic computing (Leidner, 2010). Technology framework Grid computing is the way of sharing tasks over numerous computers. Tasks are able to be varying from data storage to difficult calculations as well as are able to be spread over huge geographical distances. In a number of scenarios, computers inside a grid are utilized generally plus simply perform as fraction of the grid when they are not in utilize These grids search unused cycles on some computer that they are able to access, to entire given projects. SETI@home is possibly one of the most excellent known grid computing projects, plus a number of additional organizations depend upon volunteers presenting to include their computers to a grid. Grid computing is comparable to cluster computing, however there are a numerous of distinct dissimilarities. In a grid, there is no central administration; computers in the grid are separately managed, handled and controlled, plus able to carry out jobs not linked to the grid at the operator's judgment. The systems attached in a grid are not necessary to encompass the similar hardware or operating system. Grids are as well frequently freely linked, often in a decentralized network, rather than controlled in a particular place, like computers in a cluster frequently are (Bram, 2010). Peer-to-Peer computing P2P or Peer-to-Peer computing is extremely analogous to grid computing (the associate in grids are as well peers, as well as furthermore cross-organizationally connected), although in the past the term is employed more frequently in settings where peers are clients performing like volunteers (volunteer computing), as well as where the number of peers is a great deal bigger than in a usual grid. Peer-to-Peer was mainly a counter structural design to Client-Server computing. Utility computing Another Distributed Computing technology framework is known as the utility computing is the thought as of the 1960s to turn network and systems computation into something similar to an electric grid, where each client is able to immediately plug in and utilize it. This idea is near to the SUN's idea & mission statement that is also known as the "The Network is the computer", and also it was not at all completed, however it influenced clouds as well as time sharing (Leidner, 2010). Utility computing is a shape of computer service whereby the business offering the service accuses us for how a great deal we utilize it. In this technology area the implementation are undertake by the Sun, HP, IBM, as well as others are hopeful will be their ticket to yet one more marketplace intended for their services (White, 2010). Virtualization Virtualization is a Distributed Computing technology type that is something about the abstraction of a physical computer. It's a extra coarse-grained abstraction for the reason that the desktop computer is forced totally like a symbol on a stronger machine, so every virtual "image" has its own OS, group of software systems and tools etc. however the benefit is that obtainable software executes out of the box. This model is extremely suitable intended for testing of substitute configurations (blend of diverse operating systems as well as software editions are able to execute on the similar machine), however running a virtualization outlines that a performance hit since calls plus device accesses encompass to be channeled in the course of the hypervisor (an interface among the virtual as well as the real system/machine) (Leidner, 2010). Conclusion This research and analysis based report has offered a deep analysis of some of the important aspects of the reality of having a True Distributed Computer System. In this scenario this paper has investigated some of main aspects and areas regarding the Distributed Computer System technology, its main structures, problems and areas of application. Then this research has investigated some of main and well known state-of-the-art technology arrangements regarding the Distributed Computer System. These technology arrangements are offering the conformation that reality of having a True Distributed Computer System is possible and cloud computing is one of its main and best example. References AllThingsCRM, 2010. Cloud Computing for Dummies. [Online] Available at: http://www.allthingscrm.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-for-dummies.html [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Armoni, A., 2002. Data Security Management in Distributed Computer Systems. Informing Science, 5(1), pp.19-27. Bram, T., 2010. What is Grid Computing?. [Online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-grid-computing.htm [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Carraro, G., 2010. Software as a Service (SaaS): An Enterprise Perspective. [Online] Available at: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa905332.aspx [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Dollimore, J., Kindberg, T. & Coulouris, G., 2005. Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design. 4th ed. New York: Addison Wesley. Hales, D., 2008. Distributed Computer Systems. [Online] University of Bologna, Italy Available at: http://cfpm.org/~david/papers/hales-dist-sys8.pdf [Accessed 27 December 2010]. IBM, 2010. Concepts and Planning, what is distributed computing. [Online] Available at: http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/txformp/v6r0m0/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.cics.te.doc%2Ferziaz0015.htm [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Leidner, J.L., 2010. Cloud, Grid, or Cluster? Clarifying the Terminology of Distributed Computing. [Online] Available at: http://jochenleidner.posterous.com/cloud-grid-or-cluster-a-clarifying-note-on-th [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Pressman, R.S., 2001. Software Engineering: A Practicioner's Approach, 5th Edition. London: McGraw Hill. RabbitMQ, 2010. Chapter 1: Introduction to Distributed Systems. [Online] Available at: http://www.rabbitmq.com/blog/2010/11/17/chapter-1-introduction-to-distributed-systems/ [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Schmidt, D.C., 2008. Developing Distributed Computing Systems with Patterns and Middleware. [Online] Available at: http://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/UCLA-tutorial.pdf [Accessed 28 December 2010]. White, D., 2010. What is Utility Computing?. [Online] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-utility-computing.htm [Accessed 27 December 2010]. Whitten, J.L., Bentley, L.D. & Dittman, K.C., 2000. Systems Analysis and Design Methods 5th Edition. New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Yabandeh, M., Vasic, N., Kostic, D. & Kuncak, V., 2009. Simplifying Distributed System Development. [Online] Available at: http://www.usenix.org/event/hotos09/tech/full_papers/yabandeh/yabandeh.pdf [Accessed 28 December 2010]. Read More