Law Essays

The doctrine of privity in contract means that only the parties involved in a contract are allowed to enforce it. It restricts possibility of a third party/beneficiary in enforcing a contract, (Atiyah, 1995). Under the rule of consideration, the consideration has to move from a promisee to the promisor, this raises the doctrine of privity, where each party need to clearly show the people who are the parties in a given contract thereby defining their obligations.

The case of Victoria and the intensity of her sufferings in the last few months of her life were in the knowledge of numerous agencies with responsibility for the protection of children. But the dominant weaknesses present in the structure of the system disabled the enabling of required services to Victoria.

The Patriot Act was making possible for the America to be united and to strengthen the nation by providing the necessary tools that are needed to interrupt and block the terrorist act. The interruption and obstruction of these possible terrorists' acts are made through the expansion of the law enforcer's surveillance

The consumer is legally entitled to receive a full refund from the retailer, on returning a product that was defective at the time of. The reasonable time for doing so is not defined in law but is often quite short. A reasonable amount of compensation or damages for up to six years from the date of sale is now permitted.

The media dominance among the uncritical public meant that, the society knowledge about the legal system is only vicarious, leaving only minority to have direct experience of the legal system3. Compared to the past, people have realised now, that media is not sufficient to provide accurate information, nor is it capable to distinguish facts from fiction, as media programmes are meant for entertainment and are selective with an intention of profit making intention4, and it would be a mistake to rely heavily on its transmission.

This system involves the courts of law and police who have discretion or powers in executing their duties. They should ensure that the law is applied universally without fear or favour. These rules of interpretation of statutes by the courts should be interpreted fairly in reference to the laid down principles of interpretation.

He uses his imposing personality to his advantage. No one may dare question him about his ownership of Bleak Hall. He uses his wife, Muriel's money to cover the outgoings and maintenance of Bleak Hall. He has a six figure private income of which a vast majority he deposits in offshore investment accounts to be free from the attention of the U.K.

The employer will then set out a meeting which will look into the timescale given to the employee for their improvement and this is kept in proper records. Secondly if the employee fails to make any further improvements he is given a first warning which is written and a final warning is also issued if the employee fails to make any improvements.

This essay concerns the Fashion Designs plc legal Position. In the financial years ending December 2004 and 2005, the company made trading losses of £400,000 and £200,000 respectively which were carried forward. In December 2006,the company showed a trading profit of £1m. In October 2006 the company sold its North East outlet for a net profit.

During the rejection of the Lisbon Treaty by Ireland on June 12, 2008, the Irish Justice Minister, Dermot Ahern, used in his comment the phrase, "a referendum is the essence of democracy…”  It is the giving to the electors of the chance to agree or disagree on a particular issue that is the very fundamental exercise of democracy.  

A critical evaluation of benefits for sickness and disability primarily will require the understanding of the details within the benefits available. The definitions of sickness and disability must be clearly understood in order to evaluate benefits effectively.

Ethical dilemmas are clinical scenarios when the caregiver ends up in a conflict between two ethical principles, and the correct decision making suffers as a result of that. Therefore, these are practical situations where the caregiver is supposed to do something and at the same time is not expected to do something.

The author states that the dilemma is more profound than the halo of morality prohibiting what can crudely be termed as “mercy killing” or suicide or even assisted suicide. Validating euthanasia may not only change the existing criminal laws on killings but the question we should be asking is whether such a law would be mentally acceptable to the society.

In England and Wales, the law of tort covers five types of offenses: trespass of land, trespass against goods, trespass against person, negligence and defamation (Wikipedia). Trespass on land, goods and person is altogether the most common type of tort, but in all cases the main concern is the allocation of responsibility for whatever losses are sustained.

It is must be noted, however, that positivism is not a monolithic theory. Quite the contrary, there are positivist variants which offer different explanations for crime, which thereby suggest different types of responses to crime (both proactive and reactive), and which extend responsibility to other individuals and to society.

May drank some of the said substance from the bottle and poured the rest of it to the tumbler. This was when she claimed that the decomposing remains of what apparently was a slug plopped out of the bottle into the tumbler. Later on, May complained of stomach pains, which the doctor diagnosed later as gastroenteritis.

Due to an increase in competition in the area Helen is now finding it hard to make the mortgage payments and wants to sell the property. However there are some liens on the property that a prospective buyer would need to be informed of before a legal sale could take place.

In Mr Taylor's case the contract was indeed a legal and binding one since there was an act of performance when Mr Taylor worked to produce the costumes. An offer takes effect only when it is actually communicated to the offeree as in Taylor v Laird (1856) 1 H & N266; 25 LJ Ex 329.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

The legislation addresses the control of noise pollution in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 [1997 in Scotland]. During planning, noise is considered as criteria to be assessed as a factor effecting the environment. The following legislation are aimed at controlling the noise pollution at construction sites and operating industries:

Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse [psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional] between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Some of the tactics employed by the perpetrators of domestic violence include psychological, sexual and physical violence, emotional and verbal abuse, isolation, threats and intimidation, harassment, destruction of property, actual or threatened harm to children and pets and financial control.

Wendy's younger brother, Bill, therefore offered to have his name added to the title, so that a mortgage loan could be obtained on the basis of Bill's earnings and age. The freehold of the house was then bought and registered in the joint names of Arnold, Wendy and Bill, but there was no declaration as to beneficial interests they were to hold.

In March of 2000, in Louisville, KY, two police officers were awarded medals for shooting an 18-year-old black man who, they say, was trying to run over them with his truck (Cose 2000). An investigation followed, and it was discovered that the police officers were perhaps not so correct in their judgment (Cose 2000). 

According to the report social policy, its values and principles, is one of the most important elements in the implementation of common strategy of the European Union. Protection of the human rights is one of the cornerstones of current social legislation of the European Union. Social legislation of the European Union protects the citizens of the Union.

 Common law can be defined as a “system of law that prevails in England and in countries colonized by England.”  The name common law is resulting from the medieval theory that the law overseen by the king's courts signified the common custom of the kingdom, as opposed to the custom of local jurisdiction that was applied in local or manorial courts.

Therefore this type of law is customary and provides the basic framework for a constantly changing legal paradigm that adjusts itself to new cases and appeals, but is still based on the principles of natural law combined with principles of civil law. "Civil law rests upon justice as its foundation, and hence civil law does not establish justice, but rather accepts it as the guiding light of legislation.

The significances of the ruling with regard to the Home Secretary acting illegally in inserting a revised criminal damages system under the prerogative power instead of enforcing the statutory system under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 is analysed. The challenge is that the House of Lords accomplished the right conclusion, but for erroneous causes.

The umbrella organs, agencies, and personnel involved in these efforts of reducing and preventing these acts of terrorism, crimes and disorderly behaviors are collectively referred to as homeland security (Coppola, 2008). Particularly, homeland security relates to all the national efforts to prevent criminal acts such as terrorism targeting United States’ citizens, assets, and interests.

If the damage is minor, the buyer has an obligation to return the product to the seller for mending, replacement, price cutback, or even refund depending on the case.When the damage proves serious, the buyer is allowed to refuse the product and annul the contract

In this case, Jaspal’s uncle is right and Friedrich will have to return the car to Jaspal’s estate because the car was given to Friedrich only by Jaspal as a gratuity or a gift on the very night that Jaspal thought he would die. He had not mentioned to Friedrich that he could keep the car if he survived and died later.

Hence the objections and outcry from New York residents against the policy. One of the main reasons that there is a clamor to end this policy is the fact that it has not served to prevent nor deter crimes from happening. According to verifiable reports, the New York State Attorney General office “.

However, windows are open for you to change or cancel the will before your death and any kind of condition you can apply there. You know the cost of making will isn't expensive (single will- 80 excluding VAT, joint will- 125 excluding VAT) (Money Minder, 2005).

The topic statement must be viewed and analysed within the context it was made. Unless a deliberate attempt is to be made by society, acting through the agency of the law, to equate the sphere of crime with that of sin, there must remain a realm of private morality and immorality which is, in brief and crude terms, not the law’s business.

In the words of a realist, International politics is a world free from all legal ad moral restraints, where the powerful, and the not so-powerful states possess the freedom to act in instinct, at their own leisure and liberty, and ultimately to use force with impunity (Dino Kritsiotis, Introduction, The power of law as international language).

As a result, Jews are said to look down upon everyone, and look upon themselves as superior. The Jews perform abnormal, dangerous, and even murderous religious conventions. The Jews are an odious congregation, doomed to eternal anguish because their ancestors crucified Jesus Christ.

Thus, the freedom of movement or "four freedoms" granted to workers or economically active persons. The treaty of Maastricht encompasses the concept of European citizenship establishing the European Community Articles 17- 22 and 255. It is an evolution of the European integration move on creating an ever closer Union among the peoples of Europe with the objective of strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its Member States through the introduction of a citizenship of the Union.

It does not matter by what name he is called. If he performs the functions of a director, he would be termed a director in the eyes of the law even though he may be named differently. A director, may, therefore, be defined as a person having control over the direction, conduct, management or superintendence of the affairs of a company.

“Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.” per Alderson B, Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856)

If the legal rules did not provide a solution to the problems, it was possible to petition the Crown. The origins of jurisdiction have brought in the principles of equity that could now be applied to every civil court in the land. According to some judicial interpretations, trusts are one of the greatest inventions of equity so such definitions would not make any fundamental distinction between trusts and equity and would consider trust as a branch of equity.

"Recent cases in which DNA evidence has been used to exonerate individuals convicted primarily on the basis of eyewitness testimony have shown us that eyewitness evidence is not infallible. Even the most honest and objective people can make mistakes in recalling and interpreting a witnessed event; it is the nature of human memory" Travis (1999).

The three most common types of bankruptcy are Chapter 7, Chapter 13, and Chapter 11. A chapter 7 bankruptcy is performed when a debtor's assets are compiled and liquidated to pay creditors in order of priority. After the assets are divided among the creditors, the creditors have no future right to collect the debtors' earnings because all debts are discharged.

It should be noted that most of the provisions of the act applies to publicly listed companies. With the enactment of this law new duties and penalties are imposed for non-compliance of concerned entities which includes public companies and their executives, directors, auditors, attorneys and securities analysts ("Executive Summary of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 P.L.107-204," n.d.).

In this case the repudiation of sub contract, the stopping of work by the contractor and termination of the contract by the employer were mentioned. Having a overall view of the situation, it seems that M is liable to E. Various laws regarding the contract and termination must be discussed before deciding the liability.

The definitions and explanations of the various topics in the act will make the law reasonable and reliable to execute. The drafted law will be kept in the parliament for debate. This debate will expose various vulnerabilities and defects in the law and the administration will correct it according to the response of the people's representatives.

Here Seamus had mortgaged Ginger's property. This mortgage can be set aside or the terms modified because here is evidence of undue influence or misrepresentation. A borrower can be pressurized by the lender in such a way that the transaction that he enters is not from his own free will, for example the terms may be particularly favourable to the lender because the borrower is so desperate for money that he is willing to accept very unfavorable terms.

In resolution of disputes, the issue of consenting minds between two parties will have to be decided by English judges based on the principle of reasonableness. Contracts are a common legal form of interaction in business, social and personal fields. Being a human interaction there is a certain element of moral subjectivity in every legal contract.

During the war, being unfit for active service, he worked in MI5. During this time his interests returned to philosophy and in 1945 he was appointed philosophy tutor at New College. He was strongly influenced by the linguistic philosophy then current in Oxford, but employed its techniques more constructively than did most members of the movement.

The most crucial factor of a moral dilemma is therefore that the agent is required to carry out each of the two actions, the agent can carry out each of the actions, and the agent cannot perform both the actions. Therefore, the agent seems to be condemned to moral failure, no matter what he may do eventually, whatever he does, he would have failed to do something else right, or at the very least, fail at something that he ought to do.

In a world in which advances in forensic science have led to increased specialization and a growth in the expertise needed within those specialties, the expert witness seems to be here to stay. The justice system cannot get rid of expert witnesses altogether, but the system by which someone "becomes an expert", as well as the admissibility of experts to trials and the manner in which their evidence is evaluated can be improved.

The laws have undergone shifts many times, perhaps owing to the fact that international commerce has itself undergone so many developments. Indeed, "each statement of a rule of law is a generalization drawn from this seething, pulsating background of life." (Corbin 1937, p449)