The United States Marshal Services - Research Paper Example

U.S. Marshall Services Introduction The United s Marshals Service is the oldest federal law enforcement agency as it served since 1789 as the link between the judicial and the executive branches. It is a division of the United States Department of Justice (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). The US Marshall Services is appointed by the president for a four years term. Appointment of a marshal is made for each of the United States’ 94 federal judicial districts. Thereafter, the America’s Attorney General designates each marshal to each district. It should be noted that while the president has the authority and powers to remove marshals prior to the expiration of their terms, their appointment must be confirmed first by the Senate. Since the early years of America’s independence, the marshals have been the federal court’s chief law officers (Miller, 2008). They direct the activities of about 4,000 personnel and officers stationed at over the 350 locations across the United States and the country’s territories. It should be noted that even after the establishment of over 50 specialized federal law enforcement agencies during the twentieth century, the US Marshall Services retained the broadest authority and jurisdiction (Green, 1999). Since the earliest period of America’s independence, they have served as the civil authority instruments for all the three organs of the government. They have been involved in most of the major historical events in the history of the United States (Dautrich, 2010). The United States Marshall Services is mandated to carry out a number of responsibilities within their jurisdictions (Collins, 1998). The primary responsibility of the service is to provide protection and support for the federal courts that include security for over 700 judicial facilities and over 2,000 magistrates and federal judges, in addition to the trial participants like attorneys and jurors. Recent years have witnessed increased responsibility because of the dramatic rise of threats against the judiciary members. The Marshall Services also involves operations such as the Federal Witness Security Program whose mandate is to ensure that the safety of endangered government witnesses is guaranteed (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). They maintain transport and custody of thousands of federal prisoners every year, apprehend majority of federal fugitives, and execute arrest and court orders warrant. In addition, they manage, seize, and sell property that has been forfeited to the government by criminals such as drug traffickers and help the Asset Forfeiture Program in the Department of Justice (United States, 2000). Some of its programs respond to emergencies such as terrorist incidents and civil disturbances and assist in restoring order in events of mob violence and riots. In order to have a better understanding of U.S. Marshall Services, this paper will discuss them and all their duties: Fugitive Hunting, Federal Court Security, Witness Protection Program, Inmate transport ground/air, and federal prison Security (Bumgarner, 2006). Fugitive Hunting One of the key duties of the United States Marshal Services is fugitive hunting. The service has a fugitive hunting program whose main priority is to investigate and apprehend high-profile offenders (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). These offenders are considered to be the most dangerous in the country and who pose serious threat to public safety and national security. Profiles of the previously arrested and the most wanted fugitives at the moment indicate that they are career criminals and have histories of violence and their activities can certainly pose serious threat to national security and public safety (Goldstein, 2001). This program’s past and current fugitives include drug lords, murderers, high-profile financial criminals, organized crime individuals, and sex offenders among others who pose significant threat to national security and public safety. The US Marshall Services often post the list of the fugitives in public places like in the post offices (Miller, 2008). The fugitive hunting role of the US Marshall Services was given a shot at the arm in 1983 with the formation of the Service’s Fugitive Task Force that was headquartered in Philadelphia (Dautrich, 2010). This task force was the first of its kind and it set the standard for the creation of all the other task forces from that time. Even though the task force was initially formed as a temporary measure, it achieved remarkable success immediately after its formation as it became the organization’s permanent feature. The primary role of the task force was to facilitate the tracking down and arresting individuals for whom felony warrants have been issued against, particularly the career criminals (Newton, 2011). The organization as a whole offers great support to the task force by ensuring that they have adequate office space, administrative personnel and information systems. The task force is staffed by five permanent Marshals Services personnel, two Pennsylvania State troopers, two Philadelphia police officers, as well as the occasional law enforcement team from New Jersey (Bumgarner, 2006). The efficiency and effectiveness of the US Marshals Services in fugitive hunting is demonstrated by the remarkable success that it has recorded over the years. Since 1983 when the task force was formed, it has been able to apprehend more than 12,000 fugitives and the team’s walls have been covered with posters in that regard (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Also, they have posters of movies regarding the Marshals, as well as that of Steve Quinn, the current Task Force Supervisor saying he likes the line in The Fugitive that’s says “I do not care.” The US Marshal Services’ task force on fugitive hunting has over the years reiterated that their main concern is not to prove the guilt or innocence of individuals, but to bring the individuals in. The success of the task force has been attributed to a number of factors including the rapport they have created with the local law enforcement. This has been instrumental in building trust between the task force personnel and the local enforcement agencies (United States, 2000). The local agencies trust them and as a result they achieve good working relationships. This has enabled them to effectively undertake their duties even with limited resources (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). In the fugitive hunting mandate, the task force combines the efforts of the local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in locating and arresting the fugitives that are considered as posing serious threats to the public safety (Miller, 2008). It should be noted that there are seven fugitive task forces that are Congressionally- funded and are located in Pacific Southwest, New Jersey/ New York, Capital Area, Florida/ Caribbean, Gulf Coast, Southeast, and Great Lakes. In addition, seventy-five local task forces are committed to violent crime reduction and serve as the central point for agencies of sharing information regarding fugitive matters. Also, the agency leads ad-hoc fugitive task forces in certain special cases like in instances where the inmates escape from prison. The task force is not only focused with local fugitive operations, but international fugitive information as well (Collins, 1998). The United States Marshal Services work with the international law enforcement agencies in apprehending fugitives abroad and to seek foreign fugitives who may be residing or living within the United States borders. The Marshals provide the local, state, federal, and international agencies with training, expertise, and assistance on fugitive issues or matters. The agency on fugitive operations has four foreign field offices in Mexico, Jamaica, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. The Marshals closely work with law enforcement agencies along the Canada and Mexico borders, as well as with the Department of State’s Diplomatic Security Service (Dautrich, 2010). Federal Court Security The United States Marshals Service comprises of the Judicial Security Division that is mandated with the responsibility of guaranteeing Federal Court Security. The division is committed to the protection of the entire judicial process by making sure that the security and safety of judicial proceedings are guaranteed (Bumgarner, 2006). Similarly, it is committed to ensuring the protection of members of the federal judiciary including jurors and federal judges. The duty of federal court security is accomplished by deterring and anticipating any threats to the judicial process and the judiciary as an institution. Also, it is accomplished by ensuring the continuous employment and development of protective techniques that are innovative (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). The division mandated with the duty of guaranteeing federal court security is made up of the Judicial Operations and Judicial Services sub-divisions. The Judicial Operations is made up of the national programs that are led by a Deputy Assistant Director who has oversight of the Office of Protective Operations, the Office of Administration and Management, the Office of the Protective Intelligence, and the National Center for Judicial Security (Goldstein, 2001). By working together via information and resource sharing, all these missions are intertwined to create synergy that is intended to make sure that effective and efficient security of judicial process is guaranteed. This sub-division employs a national network of operational personnel, as well as supporting staff to efficiently and effectively manage facility and personal security programs (Collins, 1998). It should be noted that the marshal officers and other contracted court security officers are utilized to provide security inside federal courthouses in all the 94 federal judicial districts, as well as in the District of Columbia Superior Court (United States, 2000). The Marshal Service provide protection to over 2,000 sitting judges and many other court officials at more than 400 locations where the activities that are related to court are conducted across the country. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic rise in the number of threats that are directed to the judiciary members including the U.S attorneys and junior court officers (Goldstein, 2001). Threats that are explicit against the judiciary are assessed by the court security inspectors in determining the status and level of danger. Available statistics indicate that, on average, there are about 1,350 inappropriate communications and threats directed towards members of the judiciary each year. This has prompted the need for round-the-clock protective details (Newton, 2011). The personnel provided by the Marshall Service have been at the forefront of providing the latest state-of-the-art protective equipment and techniques in all court proceeding phases. Additionally, they provide assessment of threat situations and provide protection to judicial conferences. In the process, they ensure that safe and quick responses in emergency situations are guaranteed, as well as unobtrusive protection and surveillance during operations (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). In a bid to perform their duty of providing federal court security, the US Marshals Service officers conduct surveys of federal court facilities at the request of federal jurisdictions so as to review their security and equipment procedures (Newton, 2011). Also, in fulfilling its primary responsibility of guaranteeing security to the federal judiciary, the officers of the Marshal Service design and coordinate the installation process of complex security systems that are aimed at protecting physical court facilities, courthouse staff members, and federal judges (Dautrich, 2010). They design weapon screening stations that are used at the entrance of court facilities in order to identify and seize any unauthorized weapons. More importantly, they develop standards for the installation of ballistic-resistant armor protection for judiciary-related activities located in facilities that do not perform weapon screening. Apart from that, they deploy court security officers who have extensive experience in law enforcement (Green, 1999). Equally important in the efforts to providing federal court security is the US Marshall Service’s role in providing support, services, assistance, and advice to international, federal, state, and local jurisdictions on how to guarantee the safety and security of the judiciary at all levels. These programs include activities such as technology review, information sharing, security training, and security assessments (Miller, 2008). The US Marshal Services has been performing fundamental role in providing federal court security over the years. Their roles have not only been efficient and effective, but also very comprehensive (Collins, 1998). Their officers provide crucial recommendations, coordination, and guidance in the protective investigations to behavior-based approach initiated to investigate inappropriate communications and threats that are directed at the members of the judiciary. They also support the protective mission through collection, analysis, and dissemination of protective intelligence and information in form of alert notices, threat assessments, foreign travel briefings, and protective intelligence threats among others (United States, 2000). Besides, officers of the Marshal Services are instrumental in providing support and guidance to Judicial Security Inspectors who are conducting high threat protective and proceedings responses. In this respect they provide guidance, support, and supervision for protective details for the Supreme Courts’ Justices, as well as all federal judiciary members (Bumgarner, 2006). Protection of the court family and the judiciary is the primary role of the US Marshal Service. As such, they are mandated with the responsibility of determining the resource needs, as well as develop and enhance program operations (Dautrich, 2010). The service is responsible for all security aspects f the judiciary including the physical and electronic security system maintenance and service, construction, designing, installation, and budgeting for the Federal judiciary. They also facilitate security planning with federal agencies such as security committees and court offices for a coordinated and comprehensive security approach (Newton, 2011). As a matter of fact, the physical security program provided by the United States Marshal Services is among the largest physical security programs that are managed centrally. The Marshalls have gone a step further by making sure that they have designed and implemented security systems and programs whose standards are recognized internationally. They have also made sure that these designs are in line with the design of courthouse public lobby and the appropriate courthouse environment technologies (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Witness Protection Program The US Marshal Services is mandated with the responsibility of managing the Witness Protection Program. This program is provided by the American government to protect witnesses in major criminal cases against intimidation and physical harm. Under the program, someone is not only provided with the physical security, but also with a place to live and with new identity (Newton, 2011). It should be noted that this program applies to both the witnesses and their close family members who may be deemed to be under threat. There are criteria that should be achieved for one to be eligible for the program; one must provide crucial evidence that relates to grave felony. Those witnesses in terrorism, organized crime, and drug trafficking cases may be granted protection if they are considered to have met the protection qualification (Dautrich, 2010). In an event that witness’ life is considered to be at risk as a result of testimony provided, protection ought to be offered, including for close family members. Since witness protection is usually an expensive endeavor, it must be established that the threat of intimidation or death is substantial. It should also b noted that the program entails certain restrictions that the witnesses must comply with for them to be successfully protected (Bumgarner, 2006). The United States Marshal Service has a huge responsibility of ensuring that the Witness Security Program is run in an effective and efficient manner. It does this by providing for the safety, health, and security of government witnesses, as well as their immediate dependents, whose lives may be in danger due to the testimony provided by the witnesses against major criminals such as organized criminals, terrorists, and drug traffickers (Miller, 2008). The authorization of the Witness Security Program was done in 1970 under the Organized Crime Control Act. It was later amended in 1984 through the Comprehensive Crime Control. Since the time it was created as a program under the US Marshal Service in 1971, the Service has managed to relocate and give new identities to over 8,500 witnesses and to more that 9,900 of their family members (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). The operation of this program has been successful and has been widely recognized as providing a valuable and unique tool in the government’s efforts towards fighting major organized crimes and criminal conspirators (Collins, 1998). Typically, witnesses and their immediate dependents get new identities coupled with authentic documentation. In addition, they are provided with housing, as well as subsistence for basic medical care and living expenses. In some instances, they are provided with employment and training assistance (Newton, 2011). The United States Marshals go to a significant extent to provide witnesses with adequate security under the program. They provide all witnesses with 24-hour protection especially if they are in a high-threat environment including trial testimonials and pretrial conferences among other court appearances (Collins, 1998). The success of the US Marshals in running the Witness Protection Program smoothly is evidenced by the fact that all the participants of the program who have followed the security guidelines have not been harmed while under active protection of the Marshals Service. The US Marshals fully cooperate with the court authorities and local law enforcement agencies in both civil and criminal matters that involve protection of witnesses. Their cooperation is aimed at ensuring that witnesses fulfill their legal obligations before the court, as well as bringing witnesses to justice (Miller, 2008). It is critical to point out that apart from the US Marshals Service; there are three different federal organizations that are also involved to place a witness into the Witness Protection program. However, it should be noted that each of these organizations focus on specific areas within the program (Dautrich, 2010). The US Marshals Service is mandated with the responsibility of ensuring that the participants in the program who are not taken to jail are kept healthy, safe, and secure. The other departments involved in the program include the US Department of Justice, the Office of Enforcement Operations that determines the individuals allowed to be put under the program after providing their testimony. The other department is that of the Federal Bureau of Prisons that oversees the incarceration of individuals who are considered to be guilty after the trial (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). There are certain requirements that must be fulfilled in order for Witness Protection to become an option for a particular witness. The key criterion is that a person must be deemed credible and considered to be absolutely necessary or essential to the case in order for Witness Protection to become an option for him or her (Collins, 1998). It is also important that a witness be deemed reliable and all doubt that they may back out from providing their testimony be eradicated. In other words, it must be made clear that the witness placed under Witness Protection is not going to refuse or back out of giving their testimony before the court of law under which the case is heard. Also, the witness must be witnessing to a case that is considered to be a high-risk case such as drug trafficking and organized crimes (Dautrich, 2010). In addition, the witness must be witnessing to a felony offense case that is considered likely to cause the individual witnessing threats or dangers of bodily harm after providing the testimony. Another criterion for eligibility that must be achieved is in civil and administrative cases that can put a witness in danger or risk after testifying in a court of law (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Inmate Transport Ground/Air The United States Marshals Service operates the largest transport network for the prisoners in the world, known as the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), whose headquarters is in Kansas City in Missouri. The transportation network involves transportation in ground and in the air (Collins, 1998). The JAPTS was a culmination of the merger between the air fleets of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Marshals Service. This merger established a more efficient and effective system of transportation for the criminal aliens and prisoners. The JAPTS is managed by the Marshals Service and is considered to be the biggest transportation network for prisoners in the world, handling over 771 requests each day of moving prisoners between correctional institutions, judicial districts, and in case of criminal aliens, foreign countries (Goldstein, 2001). The system supports the federal judiciary via its transportation and scheduling responsibilities. It is used to transport the sentenced prisoners and who have been kept under the custody of the ICE administrative and criminal aliens to hearing and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), detention and court appearances facilities (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Also, it provides international flights at regular interval for the removal of deportable aliens. The civilian and military law enforcement agencies use the system to shuttle their prisoners between various jurisdictions at a fraction of the amount that the commercial sources would ordinarily charge (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). The JPATS, on average, completes more than 280,000 alien and prisoner movements each year. These coordinated movements are facilitated by highly effective personnel of the system under the supervision of the US Marshal Service. In addition to the highly effective staff, these movements are facilitated by the network of buses, vans, cars, and aircraft that are used in ferrying the criminal aliens and the prisoners (Dautrich, 2010). The system operates an aircraft fleet that moves prisoners over considerably long distances with higher security and more economically compared to commercial airlines. Available data indicate that almost all the air movements are done aboard small and large jets that are either owned or leased by the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (Newton, 2011). The Marshals Service usually provides the Ground transportation, with support and coordination from the Bureau of Prisons and Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The JAPTS is the sole regularly scheduled and government-operated passenger airline in the United States (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Routinely, JAPTS serves about 40 international and domestic cities, in addition to other major cities in America on an as-required basis. The system has detailed itineraries that are aimed at ensuring that prisoners appear in court within the designated duration. It should be noted that all scheduling is managed at the headquarters of JPATS, in Kansas City. However, the center for Air fleet operations is in Oklahoma City (Goldstein, 2001). The US Marshals Service has been instrumental in ensuring that transportation of prisoners and criminal aliens is efficient and effective. Before the creation of the JPATS, the transportation of federal inmates over long distances was inefficient and complicated. It required that two marshals accompany the inmate on a regular passenger aircraft (Dautrich, 2010). Many security analysts have argued that this posed a number of challenges such as high taxpayer expense, high number of marshals required for the exercise, and danger to the civilians. The establishment of the JPATS eventually improved the effectiveness and efficiency of transportation of inmates and criminal aliens (Newton, 2011). In addition, it did away with the use of commercial airline passenger. This is evidenced by the fact that at the moment a plane filled with 200 inmates only requires 12 Marshal Service officers. These officers are usually trained with skills such as procedures for aircraft emergency and how to protect the occupants of the aircrafts among other skills (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). Currently, JPATS fleet has ten full-sized aircraft that fly a large series of routes that serve almost all United States major cities. To ensure that security is not compromised, the flight schedules are not made public and are only known by the officers who are involved directly with the operation (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Those inmates that are scheduled to fly are provided with little, and even sometimes no advance notice regarding their flight so as to guard against sabotage, escapes and harm from third parties. Inmates who are aboard the flight are restrained with handcuffs and waist and wrinkle chains (Dautrich, 2010). The inmates who are deemed to pose more danger can be provided with additional restraints like reinforced mittens that nearly immobilize them. Also, to ensure that conflicts between inmates do not ensue, seating and flight arrangements are made accordingly. In order to avoid conflicts between members of rival prison gangs, they may be transported on varying days (Newton, 2011). In a nutshell, it can be said that the US Marshals are responsible in transporting defendants and prisoners in custody between courthouse and jail, as well as between states and Federal judicial districts. They are also involved receiving prisoners from other federal law enforcement agencies (Miller, 2008). Federal Prison Security In addition to being involved in the inmate transportation, the United States Marshals Service has the mandate of providing federal prison security. The Marshals are actively involved in providing security to federal prisons (Green, 1999). They house and transport all the federal prisoners right from the time that they get into the federal custody until the time they are either acquitted and freed or convicted and subsequently delivered to their designated federal prisons facility. The Marshals Service presumes custody of the prisoners that are charged with federal offenses, regardless of the law enforcement agency that made the arrest. Security analysts agree that detention of federal prisoners is a challenging in its complexity and diversity (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Their view is informed by the nature of the responsibility of the Marshals service regarding federal prisons facility. The responsibility for guaranteeing security for defendants in custody as well as prisoner management is no doubt a daunting one. The marshals are responsible for managing prisoners who are suffering from contagious diseases and terminal illnesses (United States, 2000). They are also responsible for making a decision on whether the transfer of prisoners should be granted to local or state authorities when orders are made through state writs. Besides, they are responsible for taking DNA samples from persons arrested by the Service’s officers for the Federal Bureau of Investigation database (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). Security of the federal prisons is one of the fundamental responsibilities of the US Marshals Service. This responsibility goes hand in hand with the responsibility to protect and support the judicial system. They provide security to judicial officers and at the same time ensure that prisoners are transported to and from the court facilities (Dautrich, 2010). This responsibility is taken a step further by making sure that the federal prisons are secured and that there are no escapes from prison, harm caused in the prisons or suicide committed in prisons. This responsibility falls under the prisoner services program that helps in providing services to federal prisoners and the federal prison facilities (Miller, 2008). Those individuals that are arrested and detained for violating federal statutes should be brought before the court for initial hearing. If an offender is convicted, it is the responsibility of the US Marshals to deliver the convicted person to the federal prison to serve the sentence that has been imposed (Newton, 2011). In places where the space for detention is limited, the Marshals Service provides select state and local governments with what is known as the Cooperative Agreement Program (CAP) funds aimed at improving local jail facilities, as well as expanding jail capacities. The agency, in return, receives space for federal prisoners. So far, the Marshals Service has granted $279 million under the CAP agreements to municipalities and counties, and in return has been guaranteed over 12,000 spaces for federal prisoners (U.S. Marshals Service, 2013). Providing of federal prison security goes beyond provision of the physical security; it also involves provision of services that will guarantee general security for prisoners and the facilities. The marshals have the mandate of resolving difficult issues in federal prisons ranging from care of prisoners with terminal illnesses to hospitalization. It is also important to point out that the marshals have the responsibility of managing and overseeing all matters relating to detention of individuals that have been remanded to the Attorney General’s custody (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). Equally important, is the responsibility that the Marshals Service have of making sure that offenders in federal prisons have secure care. This is achieved through evaluation of confinement conditions, provision of medical care, protection of their civil rights through fair and just judicial process, securing transportation and lodging of the prisoners, and ensuring adequate sustenance of the individuals in the custody of the federal prisons (Green, 1999). Criticisms There is no doubt that the United States Marshals Service has recorded remarkable successes in performing its duties as the oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States. It has been able to streamline activities n its various programs (Dautrich, 2010). The achievements notwithstanding, the Service has received several criticisms. The first criticism directed towards the US Marshals Service is from the Office of the Inspector General in the Department of Justice who stated that the Service had weaknesses in its efforts of securing federal court facilities in 6 out of 94 district offices (Conser, Paynich and Gingerich, 2013). It was found out that the Judicial Security Division of the Service had contracted private security firms without having fully looking at the background of those firms. The Service has also been criticized for awarding a contract to a firm that is known to have a number of criminal activities thus pointing out to the failure by the Service to be fully accountable and transparent in its transactions (Miller, 2008). The other criticism directed to the Service relates to technical problems; it is accused of not properly training its personnel on security screening equipments, as well as having outdated equipments for operations. This implied that some procured equipments have not been used or are not used optimally (Newton, 2011). Conclusion As discussed in this paper, the United States Marshals Service is the oldest federal law enforcement agency that has recorded remarkable success. Since its establishment in 1789, it has served as an integral link between the three branches of the government: legislature, judiciary, and the executive. As has been noted, it is involved in a wide range of activities at the federal level. Since the early years of America’s independence, the marshals have been the federal court’s chief law officers. They direct the activities of about 4,000 personnel and officers stationed at over the 350 locations across the United States and the country’s territories. Even after the establishment of over 50 specialized federal law enforcement agencies during the twentieth century, the US Marshall Services retained the broadest authority and jurisdiction. The Service has been involved in most of the major historical events in the history of the United States. This paper focused on discussing the following key programs that the service is involved with: Fugitive Hunting, Federal Court Security, Witness Protection Program, Inmate transport ground/air, and federal prison Security. From the discussion, it can be gathered that the Service has been effective to a greater extent in undertaking its programs, the criticisms notwithstanding. References Bumgarner, J. B. (2006). Federal agents: The growth of federal law enforcement in America. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Praeger. Collins, M. A. (1998). U.S. Marshals. New York: Boulevard Books. Conser, J. A., Paynich, R., & Gingerich, T. (2013). Law enforcement in the United States. Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Dautrich, K. (2010). American government: Historical, popular, and global perspectives. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Goldstein, N. (2001). Marshal: A history of the U.S. Marshals Service. New York: Dialogue Systems, Inc. in association with Rush Entertainment Group. Green, M. (1999). United States Marshals Service. New York: RiverFront Books. Miller, C. C. (2008). The U.S. Marshals Service: Catching fugitives. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press. Newton, M. (2011). U.S. marshals. New York: Chelsea House. U.S. Marshals Service. (2013). Fact Sheets. Retrieved on 15 March, 2013 from http://www.usmarshals.gov United States. (2000). United States Marshals Service: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 13, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O. Read More