Using more community service combined with probation we can eliminate the broken windows theory - Research Paper Example

? Using more community service combined with probation we can eliminate the "broken windows theory" submission Table of Contents Abstract 3 Imagine that you are living in a neighbourhood that is littered, with walls covered with graffiti and streets parked with unreturned shopping carts. Would the scene around you result in more litters, theft or even trespass and other criminal acts? The theory proposes that indications of disorder and minor criminal behaviour elicit more disorderly and trivial lawlessness, therefore leading to spread of the behaviour. This may result in moral decay and deterioration of the quality of life of residents in these neighbourhoods. This may be a key policy issue for city management, which may be forced to weigh their options in an attempt to reach at the most effective method of dealing with crime. Would using more community service accompanied with probation prove effective in eliminating the “broken windows theory”? Does disorder actually spread in the neighbourhoods? Previous research has not offered a strong empirical support so far, and it is difficult to define what constitutes disorder, what may lead to its spread or which may be the most effective means of curbing disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2001). 3 Using hypotheses generated about the systems of combating disorder and crime, we tested the hypotheses in a different field experiments. We found that when an offender was sentenced to more hours of community service and/or probation, people who observed them were less likely to indulge in violation of other rules or norms that may cause the disorder to spread, thus the theory of broken windows is eliminated. 3 1.Introduction 3 Law enforcement agencies have in the past adopted community service and probation as effective methods of reducing recidivism among offenders and supervision of offenders in the community. Community service is a form of alternative sentencing by courts in which individuals convicted of crimes are obliged to take part in compulsory unpaid work that is intended to be of social value, in place of serving a prison sentence, other sanctions and judicial remedies such as fines or incarceration. For instance, the court may reduce or write off offenders’ prison terms in exchange for a specified number of hours of community service, which the convict may be allowed to choose after which it is documented by credible agencies like NGOs. The sentencing may sometimes be specifically targeted to the offender’s crime. 4 Sometimes community service may be accompanied by probation-a court ordered sanction that permits an offender to stay free from detention subject to a prescribed period of proper behavior under the supervision of a probation officer. The types of supervision vary and include intensive, home detention, GPS monitoring, informal, standard or unsupervised probation. 4 2.Literature review 4 3.1 Introduction 4 Studies and available literature on community service and probation have stressed the significant role of developing effective and concrete strategies of eliminating the broken windows theory. This chapter will put forward what is already known regarding the use of community service accompanied with probation to eradicate the spread of disorder as proposed by the broken windows theory. We examine the core principles of effective community service and probation putting into account some of the research questions advanced in the introductory chapters- how effective is a community service and probation in eliminating the broken windows theory? There is plenty of research is available on what is considered to be effective in tackling the spread of disorder. Essentially, there is an abundance of research focusing on a collection of approaches deemed to possess the most impact on convicts in helping them minimize or desist from more criminal behavior. In addition, this section also analyzes the approaches and community work skills commonly employed by probation officers, and also consider the effectiveness of these practices in minimizing the spread of crime. The literature also proposes that there is presently a shift from the common ‘what works’ approach to the broken windows theory and desistance paradigm. This model is not simply concerned with what is effective in community service and probation; it also focuses more on the process of behavior change from the perspective of the offender (Harding, J. (2002). 5 By analyzing the use of community service and probation as approaches that law enforcement agencies have adopted to reduce the recidivism in this chapter it would be fascinating to discover how these mechanisms are experienced by convicts at the receiving end of the approach in the results of this research as presented in the next chapter. 5 Overview of the development of community service and probation 5 Since its inception into criminal justice systems, the professionalization of community service and probation has advanced continuously to become the most widely used method of combating crime. The history of community service has been debated in a number of articles, reports and official publications. 6 The key responsibilities of community service and probation are summarized as: 6 Abstract Imagine that you are living in a neighbourhood that is littered, with walls covered with graffiti and streets parked with unreturned shopping carts. Would the scene around you result in more litters, theft or even trespass and other criminal acts? The theory proposes that indications of disorder and minor criminal behaviour elicit more disorderly and trivial lawlessness, therefore leading to spread of the behaviour. This may result in moral decay and deterioration of the quality of life of residents in these neighbourhoods. This may be a key policy issue for city management, which may be forced to weigh their options in an attempt to reach at the most effective method of dealing with crime. Would using more community service accompanied with probation prove effective in eliminating the “broken windows theory”? Does disorder actually spread in the neighbourhoods? Previous research has not offered a strong empirical support so far, and it is difficult to define what constitutes disorder, what may lead to its spread or which may be the most effective means of curbing disorder and crime (Harcourt, 2001). Using hypotheses generated about the systems of combating disorder and crime, we tested the hypotheses in a different field experiments. We found that when an offender was sentenced to more hours of community service and/or probation, people who observed them were less likely to indulge in violation of other rules or norms that may cause the disorder to spread, thus the theory of broken windows is eliminated. 1. Introduction Law enforcement agencies have in the past adopted community service and probation as effective methods of reducing recidivism among offenders and supervision of offenders in the community. Community service is a form of alternative sentencing by courts in which individuals convicted of crimes are obliged to take part in compulsory unpaid work that is intended to be of social value, in place of serving a prison sentence, other sanctions and judicial remedies such as fines or incarceration. For instance, the court may reduce or write off offenders’ prison terms in exchange for a specified number of hours of community service, which the convict may be allowed to choose after which it is documented by credible agencies like NGOs. The sentencing may sometimes be specifically targeted to the offender’s crime. Sometimes community service may be accompanied by probation-a court ordered sanction that permits an offender to stay free from detention subject to a prescribed period of proper behavior under the supervision of a probation officer. The types of supervision vary and include intensive, home detention, GPS monitoring, informal, standard or unsupervised probation. 2. Literature review 3.1 Introduction Studies and available literature on community service and probation have stressed the significant role of developing effective and concrete strategies of eliminating the broken windows theory. This chapter will put forward what is already known regarding the use of community service accompanied with probation to eradicate the spread of disorder as proposed by the broken windows theory. We examine the core principles of effective community service and probation putting into account some of the research questions advanced in the introductory chapters- how effective is a community service and probation in eliminating the broken windows theory? There is plenty of research is available on what is considered to be effective in tackling the spread of disorder. Essentially, there is an abundance of research focusing on a collection of approaches deemed to possess the most impact on convicts in helping them minimize or desist from more criminal behavior. In addition, this section also analyzes the approaches and community work skills commonly employed by probation officers, and also consider the effectiveness of these practices in minimizing the spread of crime. The literature also proposes that there is presently a shift from the common ‘what works’ approach to the broken windows theory and desistance paradigm. This model is not simply concerned with what is effective in community service and probation; it also focuses more on the process of behavior change from the perspective of the offender (Harding, J. (2002). By analyzing the use of community service and probation as approaches that law enforcement agencies have adopted to reduce the recidivism in this chapter it would be fascinating to discover how these mechanisms are experienced by convicts at the receiving end of the approach in the results of this research as presented in the next chapter. Overview of the development of community service and probation Since its inception into criminal justice systems, the professionalization of community service and probation has advanced continuously to become the most widely used method of combating crime. The history of community service has been debated in a number of articles, reports and official publications. The key responsibilities of community service and probation are summarized as: i. To reduce congestion in penitentiaries by …… ii. To give courts necessary advice and information for sentencing decisions. iii. To enforce and implement community sanctions that the courts have passed iv. To design, offer, and endorse effective programmes for monitoring the behavior of offenders in the community. v. To eliminate social exclusion of offenders by integrating and resettling them back into the community. vi. To restore the offenders’ sense of being human, help them to make the right decisions, and to begin life in the community again in a self-respecting manner. vii. To reinstate a sense of security, establish a sense of belonging and to reconstitute a self-generating community. viii. Community service is a component of a wider whole, complementing and supporting other activities like education, health services and protection. The above responsibilities necessitate the following duties from supervision and probation officers: Community service assessments, victim impact reports, pre-sanction reports, probation supervision, temporary release, community service supervision and consultations with the judiciary to guarantee effective and efficient service to all stakeholders and customers. Reports indicate that the demand for services from the courts is on the rise, supporting the use of community service and probation as means of eliminating broken windows theory. Community service and probation has from its initiation focused on the assessment of aspects that contribute to criminal behavior with the intention of tackling them and thereby lowering the risk of recidivism (Samaha, 2006). Overview of the development of broken windows theory During the early 1990s, William Bratton was appointed New York Police Department's new commissioner. Bratton focused his devotion on the subways of New York and gave a boost to the subway police. He managed to acquire advanced equipment and weapons for security officers deployed below the streets. He authorized clearance of the subway trains in a zero tolerance war on homeless people who live in the New York subway tunnels and fare evaders, ultimately asserting that the subway had been rehabilitated for citizens (Rupp, 2008).  He employed the broken windows theory to obtain his justification for recapture of the tunnels. The theory suggests that more severe crimes evolve from minor disorders. Criminal acts flourished due to lack of law enforcement according to the classic dissuasion argument. They posited that if discourteous remarks by loitering youth were left unrestrained, this youth will be under the assumption that no one cares and their behavior is likely to escalate to more grave crimes. This opinion failed to consider the fact that a huge number of youth take part in all kinds of unbecoming and other obnoxious behavior amidst adults yet eventually do not grow into career criminals. Bratton transferred the war on crime from the subways to the streets introducing the policy of broken windows. War had been proclaimed on ‘squeegee men’- jobless individuals who washed windshields at city intersections, homeless people living under bridges, prostitutes and truant children- most of whom evaded school because they were unable to cope with inner city school violence. The inhabitants of New York City were happy about the changes. 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter provides details on the research design and methodology that was employed if out-sourcing, processing and analyzing the requisite data. The chapter also offers highlights on the various methodology items, including sampling procedures and sample size, validity and reliability issues, research instruments, target population, pilot testing, data collection procedures as well as data processing and analysis techniques. The methodology section of a research work attempts at trying to boil down to the process of or a series of activities that are undertaken at each step of the research to come with the findings as well as the conclusions of the study. Kothari (2004) has defined research methodology as “a way to systematically solve the research problem”. He has further opined that research methodology may be comprehended as “a science of studying how research is done scientifically” (Kothari, 2004). The research undertaken in the course of the present study predicts finding out the effectiveness of community service and probation in eliminating the broken windows theory. 3.2 Research Design A research design refers to coming up with the most efficient plan of collecting the information needed for the research (Kumar, 2008). A research design also describes the specification of methods and processes for collecting the information needed. It is the framework for performing the study. Since the research objectives and questions have been formulated, so the research design is to be prepared subsequently (Gupta & Gupta, 2011). Among the approaches taken in the course of the study, the reasoning based approaches will lend more credibility as to why the courses of action have been in a certain format. In this case, since the focus is on mapping the effectiveness of community service and probation in eliminating the broken windows theory, so an inductive approach would be taken. This study applied a cross-sectional survey design, which allows the collection of requisite information from a target population at a single point in time. The design is the most commonly used form of survey design; as the name suggests, cross-sectional surveys cross-analyze respondents’ background information such as age, gender, ethnicity, as well as opinions and attitudes (Taylor et al, 2006). The design had two key dimensions, the quantitative and qualitative which were both mixed. The quantitative approach consisted of structured questions, which elicited information used for descriptive and inferential purposes. The qualitative approach consisted of open-ended questions, which obtained in-depth information for validating descriptive and inferential statistics. The two dimensions were complementary and were used simultaneously for high quality data. The design applied in this study has been used by various scholars in their past studies. Cross-sectional survey designs are cheaper than longitudinal designs in terms of finances and time. This quality makes cross-sectional designs most appropriate for academic researchers, who in most cases, are limited by budgetary constraints. Unlike longitudinal designs, cross-sectional designs are not vulnerable to confounding factors such as social, political or cultural changes because data is collected at one point in time (Taylor et al, 2006). According to Kumar, (2008) cross-sectional designs are capable of providing a wider range of information on population characteristics than other survey designs. It is also applauded for its ability to enhance the validity of the data by subjecting all participants to standardized data collection instruments. Cross-sectional surveys are suitable for studies that “look into concrete and externally-oriented constructs, sample very educated respondents, use a diverse array of measurement scales, and are strongly rooted in theory”. Nevertheless, cross-sectional survey designs have two inherent weaknesses. First, they are likely to suffer high non-response rate because they are conducted based on voluntary participation. Where respondents are not fully informed or motivated to give information, cross-sectional designs may be unproductive. To cope with this limitation, all the respondents were consented before taking part in the study. The consenting processes involved a detailed explanation about the purpose of the study, participants’ rights, expectations, potential risks and confidentiality guarantee. This enabled respondents to make informed decisions about their participation or non-participation. Secondly, cross-sectional designs are likely to yield socially-desirable responses. There is a psychological tendency of respondents to provide socially acceptable answers rather than ones that reflect their own true opinions. To overcome this limitation, participants were encouraged to be as honest with their responses as possible. They were assured that the information obtained would be used for research purposes only and that their identity would be protected. More still, the questionnaires were designed for self-administration to avoid the possibility of interviewer bias creeping into the results (Singh, 2010). Inductive Reasoning Taylor et al (2006) noted that inductive reasoning is “a process that begins with a specific case and draws from it a conclusion of wider or more general reference”. Deductive Reasoning Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002) define deductive reasoning as an approach wherein it is a logical process of obtaining a conclusion from a known fact or something known as true. In this case, once we have noted the pros as well as the cons of using community service and probation to tackle the spread of crime, the findings of the study can be applied to this particular study of whether these approaches may become a success in eliminating the broken windows theory or not. 3.3 Population and Sample Size The support of the society and field supervisors is critical to the application of community service and probation as an obligatory measure of a correctional nature and progress of correction systems. This study sought the view of employers, judges and society and the following research activities were conducted: i. Comprehensive interviews with employers ii. Public opinion poll Fifteen in-depth interviews with employees of community service and probation service were carried out. Questions about the challenges of community service and probation execution were asked during this study and the employees’ responses recorded. Comprehensive interviews with judges Twenty comprehensive interviews were carried out with judges who had administered an obligatory measure of correctional nature-community service or probation. These comprehensive interviews were aimed at obtaining a profound view on the efficiency of community service and probation as an effective way of eliminating the spread of crime as proposed by the broken windows theory; hence determine the attitude offenders and the community has towards the execution institution. The following tasks were set forth: i. To establish the emotional and rational aspects on the basis of which the verdict is made on the use of community service and probation. ii. To assess the restrictions used in regulatory acts on the use of community service and probation. iii. To evaluate the judges’ discernment of their part in implementing community service and probation successful iv. To evaluate the previous experience of the judges in co-operation with penal execution establishments and their capability enacting the execution of community service Comprehensive interviews with employers During this study, twenty comprehensive interviews with employers were carried out. The objective of these interviews was to obtain a strong understanding on the efficiency of community service and probation as a regulating instrument of social behavior and the employers’ incentive to take part in employment activities, including determining the attitude towards the monitoring institution of community service. The following tasks were set out in the study: To find out social, rational and emotional factors on the foundation of which the decision on taking part in organizing community service and probation is made. i. To achieve valuation of co-operation experience based on loss, risk and benefit. ii. To evaluate the employers’ perception of their duty in enacting community service and probation iii. To gather information about instances of a positive practice iv. To evaluate the prior experience in co-operation with monitoring institutions of community service Public opinion poll The public poll was aimed at assessing the public knowledge of community service and probation and its nature. The following activities were conducted for achieving the objective: i. To measure the level of awareness of community service and its application ii.To establish the prevalent public opinions on the social value and loss of use of community service 1000 respondents were polled during the study carrying out direct interviews at residential venues. A selection of respondents was created based on the principles of a multi-step stratified sampling. 3.4 Data Collection Methods The instrument of data collection chosen is a survey questionnaire. Questionnaire “Questionnaire, whether it is called an interview form, schedule, or measuring instrument, is a formalized set of questions for obtaining information from respondents.” (Malhotra, 2004). Normally, a questionnaire is a type of package used for collection of data that may also comprise other things. Interview Interview is an instrument of data collection wherein the researcher interviews the respondent in person to gather the required information. Again, the success of this method depends on the merits of the interviewer since he or she may also note other non-verbal reactions of the respondents. However, any bias should be avoided while making such judgments. Also, this is time consuming and costly for research. In the context of the present study, a survey questionnaire seems to be the best way to collect information (Bhattacharya, 2006). Since the present study entails gathering information on aspects that are highly qualitative in nature, so, Questionnaire has been used as an instrument. Focus group has been avoided due to paucity of time and other allied resources. On the other hand, the Questionnaire would enable the present study to hand over the same to the prospective respondents so that they can come up with their versions of answers for questions at their convenient time. The questionnaire close ended questions, i.e. the answers would not have to be given by the respondents in their own words. The Questionnaire has been devised in this manner since focus group interviews are not possible and neither is complete enumeration is feasible or even possible, so in order to better comprehend the possibility of using community service and probation to eliminate the broken windows theory. The close ended questions would serve to help the researcher to understand the ratings given by the respondents in a format predetermined by the researcher himself or herself. Moreover, this may help to suffice the lack of focus group interviews and other in depth qualitative techniques associated with data collection. Also, since the study is related to motives of individuals, as in how effective are these moves being perceived by the target customers? So this particular technique seems appropriate. Reliability of the Instruments The inconsistency of a research instrument reflects the existence of random error, which may arise at the time of data collection due to inaccuracy by a researcher or the instrument used to elicit information. Although data collection was a one-time event, pre-testing played a crucial role in improving reliability of the instrument. Further, the split-half technique was used to estimate reliability of the instruments. Pre-Testing Pre-testing reveals what works and what does not, for instance, vague questions and unclear instructions. It also captures key comments and suggestions from participants that would enable an investigator to improve the instruments and adjust data collection approaches to maximize the response rate. Necessary adjustments such as re-statement of unclear questions and instructions; omission of irrelevant questions and grammatical errors were effected based on the results and comments from participants. Data Processing and Analysis Techniques Both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be applied to process, analyze and interpret data. Quantitative data processing involves coding open-ended data, entry, cleaning, transformation, analysis and interpretation. Quantitative analysis will be carried out at three distinct levels, namely univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Univariate analysis is expected to yield frequency distributions, percentages and measures of central tendency as appropriate; while bivariate analysis shall obtain crosstab distributions with Chi square (?2) significance tests. The ?2 statistic establishes the statistical association between two variables both of which must be in nominal or ordinal scales. The use of the ?2 test necessitates preparation of cross-tabulations of the variables, which then generates significance test results. The ?2 test can only show the presence or lack of statistical association; it cannot determine the magnitude and direction of such associations Sampling Technique: Due to its inherent simplicity as well as the time constraints for the completion of the research, “Non Probability Judgmental Sampling Technique” would be used for the study. Non probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique wherein the probability of selection of each sampling unit is not known (Aggarwal, 2010). Scaling Technique to be Used: 5 Point Likert Rating Technique Likert rating technique is one of the most popular summarized scales. It allows the researcher to prepare statements that consist of favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward an object of interest (Cooper & Schindler, 2008). Qualitative research analysis would be done on the data so collected. The analysis would focus on the responses elicited from these respondents and the degree of their agreeing or disagreeing with the questions set for them. Tables, charts and graphs would be used wherever necessary. In the present study, only qualitative approaches to analyze the data would be used. The approaches would give us definite measurements of the level of awareness among the public. 4. Findings of the study 4.1 Introduction In this chapter, the results that came out from the questionnaire would be discussed. The findings explore public attitude towards community service and probation, field professionals’ attitude, the sentencing process and the effectiveness of community service are analyzed with relevant recommendations to using employing it to eliminate the theory of broken windows. The attitude of the society and field professionals towards community service and probation The backing of the society and field professionals-judges and supervisors is necessary for elimination of the theory of broken windows by putting offenders on community service and probation. According to the methodology of this study, the attitude towards community service and probation was explained in numerous target groups directly linked to application and provision of these services. The interviews involved judges who have applied community service and probation in their practice and their opinions on the effectiveness of the approaches in reducing the spread of crime by fixing ‘broken windows’, employers ensuring concrete application of community service and staff tasked with organization and provision of community service and probation. Community service and probation awareness among the public The public opinion poll asked two sets of questions. The first question inquired what they deem the most appropriate type of punishment for crimes like fraud, theft, driving under the intoxication of alcohol or other substances, hooliganism and other similar acts of lawlessness. The second question was asked to regard the most suitable punishment to prevent an offender from recidivism. In their responses to both questions, the respondents were instructed to select one type of punishment from the options of answers available or state other type of punishment that was not a choice in the options of answers that the interviewer documented during the survey. The respondents consider that the most suitable punishment for committing less severe criminal offenses is a practical correction work or work for the benefit of the public without pay. In their response to the question about the most appropriate penalty for preventing recidivism among offenders, the respondents most often mentioned community service and probation, followed by conditional correction work as the second most suitable punishment. The respondents rarely mentioned other types of punishment such as a real penalty fee, imprisonment and a conditional penalty fee as the most appropriate for punishing offenders. The most frequently mentioned argument for the fact that community service would be suitable for preventing escalation of crime or reoffending is: i. This kind of punishment teaches the work and disciplines ii. It offers the offender a chance of thinking over the offense iii. There’s no remuneration for the work The reasons mentioned less often are: i. Community work hours occupy the free time of offenders thus they are less likely to repeat the offence. ii.Community service and probation create a sense of embarrassment for the offence committed. iii. Community service and probation teach responsibility. iv. The punishment given is a proper warning. v. It teaches an offender to observe the norms and values of the society. People consider that enforcing sentencing offenders to community service gives value both to the society in general- work for public benefit is done, cleaner environment, and material benefit to the employer and the state. In some cases it was stated that community service was the best alternative to other types of punishment, for instance, respondents indicated that : (1) A prison is not the most appropriate place to correct an offender’s behaviour and (2) It is more difficult to do community service than to pay a fee. All the public opinion respondents were asked to state one, the major objective of giving the offender a punishment. The respondents often mentioned that the aim of the punishment must be: (1) To correct, to re-educate (21), (2) to prevent reoffending (19), (3) to teach offenders that social norms have to be observed (15), (4) to punish for the offence (11). If respondents deemed a real penalty fee and conditional imprisonment as the most suitable punishment, then their mentions for the aim of the punishment were: (1) To punish for the offence, (2)To correct and re-educate, (3)To prevent reoffending. Judges’ attitude towards punishing juvenile offenders Judges believe that convicts should be considered as a special set that needs specific attention. Therefore, the attitude towards offenders and their punishment is most critical to prevent them from committing more serious crimes or repeating the offenses in the future. The court is the institution that executes a punishment therefore the type of punishment applied to an offender depends on the attitude of the judge, disposition to look into every single case and options provided by law. In every target group of professionals, it is deemed that the punishment imposed on offenders must make them feel is as a real punishment and comprehend that responsibility must be undertaken for the offence. A judge’s attitude is created by his or her personal point of view and the options offered by the law in evaluating the penalty for the offence committed. The judge’s conduct in the procedure of penalty application is both limited and facilitated by legal norms. Judges give the types of punishment as: community service and forced labour, a conditional sentence and committal in social correction institutions. Judges repeatedly point out the educational aspect of punishment- to ensure that repeated crimes are not committed in the future. 5. Conclusion 5.1 Introduction In this chapter author will cover the outcomes of the research, what can be done to improve the results, questionnaire and research. Also, the limitations that were faced during the research will be presented. Questionnaire As the questionnaire was focused on people who had knowledge and the responders responded moreover positively, implying the likelihood of success. However, one vital point that needs to be mentioned here is that the questionnaire had few questions, and thus any further study should be done in more detail given that the initial responses are heartening and indicative of the fact that the use of community service accompanied with probation can eliminate the broken windows theory. Research The research also covered the topic in general and could be improved in further studies in this area may yield more keen insights into how can one ensure success, through it should once again be mentioned here that the initial responses are majorly on the positive note. 5.2 limitations Despite putting forward the best efforts in the entire research process to acquire the necessary knowledge and provide feasible results, there were a lot of limiting factors. They were both external and internal which affected the validity of research and relevance. One of the most critical limitations was the limited amount of time. This affected the quality and depth of methodology, as well as supportive information. Part of the research could have been better in quality if the researcher had more time. It would also allow executing questionnaire to a larger number of people, conduct interviews or focus groups as well in order to derive more keen insights on the research problem. Another critical limitation was limiteda limited amount of supportive information available in free access. Last but not least, there is a chance of going wrong in the methods followed given that despite the best efforts; there still remains the possibility of going wrong within the project. Effectiveness of community service and probation is assessed to see whether the approach can be used to eliminating the broken windows theory. This study will hopefully contribute to the present level of knowledge about the most effective ways of eliminating the broken windows theory. This study was limited in its scope; thus the findings cannot be generalized to cover the wider population of convicts, however it has demonstrated the possibility of using community service and probation to eliminate the broken windows theory and get people to take more pride in their community. References Taylor, B., Sinha, G., & Ghoshal, T. (2006). Research methodology: A guide for researchers in management and social science. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. Ghauri, P. N., & Gronhaug, K. (2005). Research methods in business studies: A practical guide. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Gupta, H. (2011). Management information system: (an insight). New Delhi: International Book House. Kothari, C. R. (2005). Research methodology: Methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Bhattacharya, D. K. (2006). Research methodology. New Delhi: Excel Books. Singh, Y. K., & Nath, R. (2010). Research methodology. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corporation. Harding, J. (2002). Probation and the community: A practice and policy reader. London: Tavistock Publications. Samaha, J. (2006). Criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Harcourt, B. E. (2001). Illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Rupp, T. (2008). Meta analysis of crime and deterrence: A comprehensive review of the literature. Norderstedt: Books on Demand GmbH. Read More