Dedicated and Embedded Processors - Assignment Example

Data processing was one of the major problems faced by man in the early ages. He wanted to process a large amount of data in a short time interval with high speed and accuracy. As the time progressed he invented manual devices, electromechanical devices electronic devices. Digital computers are one of electronic devices. These digital computers were used to process data and get the out come .After passing through different stages ,the digital computer enter into the Third generation which was only about five years from 1965-1970.A visible change was observed when an integrated circuit was used in these computers. An integrated circuit contains many electronic components on a single chip. As a result of it computers could run and execute about 5 instructions per seconds and store up to 8 million characters. In 1969, the first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was developed however it was in calculator’s usage. The year between 1971 and 1981are referred as the fourth generation of computer .The integrated circuits were more developed and called as small scale Integration (SSI).These circuits were more developed in to large scale integration. The major achievements were the increase in storage capacity and speed as well as the ability to run sophisticated programs for special applications. Table of Contents Microprocessor systems. Von Neumann processors. Dedicated and embedded processors. Bits slice processors. RISC/CISC processors. Difference between 8051 Micro-controllers, 80486DX2 and P2. Block Diagram of 8051. Intel 80286 Microprocessor OR P2. Block Diagram of 80486DX2. Conclusion. Bibliography. Microprocessor Systems: The importance of microprocessor lies in its permission to greater flexibility. More over it can be linked with sensors, measuring and switching devices and execute any industrial process. (pg 477, The Encyclopedia Americana). For any computer, the main unit is called the CPU and microprocessor is the integral part of this brain. The control unit, Arithmatic logic unit and registers are what microprocessor is based upon. This single chip defines the type and the characteristics of the computer. A microprocessor may be provided with a number such as 8086/8088, 8051, 80486 etc.Generally the microprocessors are categorically divided on the basis of the number of bits that the Arithmetic Logic unit allow to work upon at a time. (pg26, Hall) Von Neumann Processors: Named after mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann, the von Neumann is generally a term given to any design model for a stored-program digital computer which involves the usage of processing unit and a separate storage location to store the given instructions and data. (Available at www.wikipedia.com) The computing machines in earlier times had limited purposes. For example, a desk calculator was designed to calculate only. The example of General purpose CPU is the INTEL 8085,which is an upgrade example of Intel 8080.The essential features of such device require a +5 V supply. Produced in 1985, 8085 was a newer version of 8080.It had the same memory, executes same number of instructions with an advantage of built in clock generator and a system controller. (pg 2, Brey) Dedicated or embedded Processors: These kinds of microprocessors are used in controlling smart machines for example microwave ovens, cloth sewing machines etc .Such devices are called as micro controller devices. INTEL 8051 is another example .This device was provided with counter programs and a serial port (UART) as well a CPU, ROM, RAM and Parallel I/O ports. (pg 27, Hall) Bit slices processors: Not all the processors can cope up with the demands of applications and are not speedy enough to perform the task. For such reasons ,another type of processors are used such as Advance Micro devices 2900.This family includes 4 bits ALU’S .These are termed as Slice processors as the parts of such devices can be connected in parallel with 8 bits words ,16 bits words or 32 bits words to work along. (pg27, ibid). RISC/CISC: When there was a tremendous pressure by users on the manufacturers to cope up with demands of applications, more enhanced features processors were produced.RISC /CISC are such processors designed for that purpose.RISC is an abbreviation of reduced instruction set computers while CISC is an abbreviation for Complex instruction set computers. The RISC enables more than one instruction to be in a queue. This saves time and works ahead of time. RISC is provided with instructions that work to bring about logical and simple arithmetic problems, shift, and store etc functions. These functions involve one or two clocks to be completed as compare to others. Differences between 8051, 80486DX2 and P2: Micro-controller 8051 generally an embedded microprocessor type, is an 8 bits processor while 80486dx2 is a 32 bits processor. This means the former has data bus of 8 bits while the latter has 32 bits data bus.80486 is provided with 168 pin grid array package to work efficiently while the 8051 uses a 40pin package.8051 has a serial port (UART) 80486 has 8 K bytes code and a data cache in addition a five stage instruction pipeline scheme for much faster execution of instructions ahead of time. The Intel 80486DX2, belonging to x86 family, is known for its "clock doubling" technology. The processor performs two clock cycles per single cycle of the memory bus. Essentially, the processors speed is set to double of the speed of the system bus. The VESA Local Bus (usually shortened to VLB) is a local bus defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association, mostly used in personal computers based on the Intel 80486 CPU. The MFLOPS(Million floating point operation per second )is comparatively high to 8051.It is said the 486 require only one clock for execution as compare to 8051 due to the presence of six additional instruction sets. 8051 is provided with 60,000 transistors, 4 K bytes ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, a serial port and two 16 bits timers. A more enhanced version of 8051 introduced by Siemens ,has a 68 pin package with six 8 bits I/O ports,13 interrupts sources and an 8 bit A/D Converter with 8 input channels. (pg2, McKenzie) One of the major striking advantage of using such processor is that these can be used to perform three keyboard tasks for programming special featured key provided on key board can be utilized to perform any such operation along with such processors. (pg266, Hall.) External Interrupts P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED CONTROLLER 8051 (QUOTED FROM PG 333, HALL) Micro controllers like 8051 are designed in such a way that they can perform control oriented activities.8051 have an upper hand over others in terms of reducing the overall component count. These are suitable to control those I/O devices that are designed using lesser components .The important feature is the built in interrupt system which perform the function. In addition, it is provided with strict decoding which is rarely a feature found in other microprocessors. (pg 11-12, McKenzie) Intel 80286 Microprocessor OR P2. It was produced since 1982 to 1986 by manufacturers like Intel, AMD, Harris Corporation, and Siemens AG.The CPU Speed ranged from 6 MHz to 25 MHz With channel length up to 1.5 µm and instruction Sets up to x86 .It was provided with PLCC 68-pin socket. The 80286s performance was more than twice that of its former models in terms of per clock cycle. In fact, the performance increase per clock cycle may be the largest among the generations of x86 processors. Calculation of the more complex addressing modes involve less clock penalty because of the presence of special circuit in the 286.Mathematical operations took fewer clock cycles compared to the 8086. The 286 was able to address up to 16 MB of RAM, in contrast to 1 MB the 8086 could work with. While DOS could utilize this additional RAM via extended memory emulation, a few 286-based computers ever had more than 1 MB of RAM installed. The 286 was designed to run multitasking applications, including communications (such as automated PBXs), real-time process control, and multi-user systems. An interesting feature of this processor is that it was the first x86 processor with protected mode. Protected mode enabled up to 16 MiB of memory to be addressed by the on-chip linear memory management unit (MMU) with 1 GiB logical address space. The MMU also provided some degree of prevention from crashed applications writing outside their allocated memory zones. However, the 286 could not revert to the basic 8086-compatible "real mode" without resetting the processor. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL 80486 (QUOTED FROM PG 569, HALL) Conclusion: The advent and progress of Micro-processor systems is the requirement of time. As the time advances more, there will be more demands for modifications in these systems from the users. Each, possessing striking features of its own. Micro-processors and micro-controllers all will go through modification phases and there will be new advance versions of these systems which will be more users friendly and free to adjust according to the applications. Bibliography: Brey,Barry.B.8086/8088 Microprocessor architechture,Programming &Interfacing,Ohio.Merill Publishing Co.1987. Hall, Douglas.V.Microprocessors and Interfacing Programming &Hardware, II Edition, NY, Mcgraw Hill Intl.1989. Mckenzie, I.Scott, The 8051 Micro-controller, II Edition, Prentice Hall Inc.NJ, 1990. The Encyclopedia Americana (1986) Danbury Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated International Volume 7. www.wikipedia.com. Read More

(pg 2, Brey) Dedicated or embedded Processors: These kinds of microprocessors are used in controlling smart machines for example microwave ovens, cloth sewing machines etc .Such devices are called as micro controller devices. INTEL 8051 is another example .This device was provided with counter programs and a serial port (UART) as well a CPU, ROM, RAM and Parallel I/O ports. (pg 27, Hall) Bit slices processors: Not all the processors can cope up with the demands of applications and are not speedy enough to perform the task.

For such reasons ,another type of processors are used such as Advance Micro devices 2900.This family includes 4 bits ALU’S .These are termed as Slice processors as the parts of such devices can be connected in parallel with 8 bits words ,16 bits words or 32 bits words to work along. (pg27, ibid). RISC/CISC: When there was a tremendous pressure by users on the manufacturers to cope up with demands of applications, more enhanced features processors were produced.

RISC /CISC are such processors designed for that purpose.RISC is an abbreviation of reduced instruction set computers while CISC is an abbreviation for Complex instruction set computers. The RISC enables more than one instruction to be in a queue. This saves time and works ahead of time. RISC is provided with instructions that work to bring about logical and simple arithmetic problems, shift, and store etc functions. These functions involve one or two clocks to be completed as compare to others.

Differences between 8051, 80486DX2 and P2: Micro-controller 8051 generally an embedded microprocessor type, is an 8 bits processor while 80486dx2 is a 32 bits processor. This means the former has data bus of 8 bits while the latter has 32 bits data bus.80486 is provided with 168 pin grid array package to work efficiently while the 8051 uses a 40pin package.8051 has a serial port (UART) 80486 has 8 K bytes code and a data cache in addition a five stage instruction pipeline scheme for much faster execution of instructions ahead of time.

The Intel 80486DX2, belonging to x86 family, is known for its "clock doubling" technology. The processor performs two clock cycles per single cycle of the memory bus. Essentially, the processors speed is set to double of the speed of the system bus. The VESA Local Bus (usually shortened to VLB) is a local bus defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association, mostly used in personal computers based on the Intel 80486 CPU. The MFLOPS(Million floating point operation per second )is comparatively high to 8051.

It is said the 486 require only one clock for execution as compare to 8051 due to the presence of six additional instruction sets. 8051 is provided with 60,000 transistors, 4 K bytes ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, a serial port and two 16 bits timers. A more enhanced version of 8051 introduced by Siemens ,has a 68 pin package with six 8 bits I/O ports,13 interrupts sources and an 8 bit A/D Converter with 8 input channels. (pg2, McKenzie) One of the major striking advantage of using such processor is that these can be used to perform three keyboard tasks for programming special featured key provided on key board can be utilized to perform any such operation along with such processors.

(pg266, Hall.) External Interrupts P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED CONTROLLER 8051 (QUOTED FROM PG 333, HALL) Micro controllers like 8051 are designed in such a way that they can perform control oriented activities.

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