LTE Measurement Parameters Analysis - Essay Example

LTE measurement parameters analysis The long-term evolution (LTE) is a wireless standard technology that is used incommunication. Long-term evolution (LTE) is usually based on the EDGE/GSM and the UMTS/HSPA network knowledge. The technology aids in boosting the capability and speed through the use of different radio interface in conjunction with the core network perfections (Rumney, 2013, 12). The required standard of LTE is established by the third generation partnership project .The standards of this technology are explained in the standard release document sequence. The improvements that are considered to be less significant are explained in the publication 9. The development of the long-term evolution is said to be the natural upgrade of the receivers. This receiver uses the CDMA designs that were established in 2000 and the GSM/UMTS set-ups to transmit signals (Rumney, 2013, 17). The long-term evolution is currently marketed as the 4G wireless technology service; LTE is not enough to fulfill the technical requirements that are adopted by the 3G. These necessities were initially accompanied by the ITU-R systems in its progressive specification in IMT (Korowajczuk, 2011, 29). Due to pressure generated by the market and the tremendous advancement that are associated by HSPA and the long-term evolution to the inventive 3G technologies, the fourth generation LTE technology was developed by the ITU. The major aim for the development of the LTE was to increase the speed and capacity of the wireless data networks through the use of digital signal processing modulations and techniques that were developed in the beginning of the year 2000. Some of the key reason that caused the development of the LTE was to simplify and redesign the network architecture to the current IP based system. The IP systems have a reduced transfer capability as compared to the 3G structural design. LTE wireless edge is usually harmonious to the 2G and the 3g network technologies. The technology must be worked on a different wireless spectrum (Korowajczuk, 2011, 77). RSSI and RSRP In the long-term evolution, the following parameters are used on the location signal. The first one is the conventional signal power indicator (RSSI).It is used in computing the normal amount of power received and observed by the OFDM symbols which have the reference symbols for the antenna port 0.port 0 measures the bandwidth over the N source blocks. The second parameter is the reference signal received power. This is a form of measurement that is used in parameter RSSI. The parameters are transmitted through the narrowband and the full computing. For the RSRP parameter and the RSRQ to be detected, at least more than-20db of the s-synch channel is required (Kreher, & Gaenger, 2011, 47). RSRQ – this is used to measure the quality of the signals considering the number of the resource blocks (N) used. RSRQ=RSRP*/N)/RSSI which are measured over using the same bandwidth. RSRQ is a type of a parameter dimension, which shows the received locus signal excellence (Rumney, 2013, 67). The measurement helps in providing additional information on when the RSRQ is not adequate to make a cell reselection choice. In the process of dispensing, the long-term evolution condition establishes a flexible usage of RSRQ, RSRP or both. The LTE must be measured over in the same bandwidth. RSRP is the linear normal over the contribution of power of the resource element that is used to carry the cells with the specific reference signals inside the measure frequency computing. In order to define the cell design location signals, the transmitter R0 is needed to be in agreement with the TS (Korowajczuk, 2011, 97). The UE can be reliably used to detect that R1 is available and this may enable it to use R1 in addition to R0 so that it can establish the RSRP .The locus theme for the RSRP will be the tentacle connector of the UE. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) This is the major data comportment downlink channel in the Long Term Evolution. The parameter PDSCH is commonly used in systems and the users using the data. The spread of data and information on the parameter PDSCH is commonly done in units. These units are referred to as transport blocks. In each broadcast time interval, the transport block may be passed once to the physical layer (Rumney, 2013, 72). The TTI is a 1ms, which corresponds to the sub frame period. When the parameter is employed for the user figures, typically one or at maximum two carriage blocks can be transmitted in each sub frame per UE depending on the mode of transmission that is selected for each UE for the parameter PDSCH. In this parameter, the method of broadcast constitutes the multi-antennae procedure that is usually applied. The first transmission mode is the transmission from a single antenna port. The second transmission mode is to transmit the diversity the open loop spatial is the third transmission mode and it is followed by the closed-loop spatial multiplexing. MIMO transmission is the other method that is used in the transmission of signals. This is where there is multiple input and multiple outputs from the multi-users. Closed-loop rank number one is the sixth mode of transmission. This mode involves the pre-coding of data (Rumney, 2013, 42). The last type of transmission is where data is transmitted through the use of UE specific reference. The use of configured modes of transmission usually affects the transmission of the associated downlinks that controls the signaling and the quality of the channel response from the UE. After the mapping and the channel coding to the layers of spatial according to the modes of transmission that are selected. Here, the plotting of the coded data bits in to the modulation symbols conditional takes place. The coding takes place in the variation structure that is selected for the required data rate. the current conditions of the frequency of the radio must also be established. variation can also occur between the six bits per symbol and the two bits per symbol (Korowajczuk, 2011, 87). The two bits per symbol use the Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) while the six bits per symbol uses the 64 Quadrature Amplitude modulations. It is mandatory for all the classes of LTE UE to have the support reception of the six bits per symbol as 64QAM is designed in a manner that achieves the maximum peak downlink rates of data that are needed for long-term development (Rumney, 2013, 79). Most of the elements of resources used for the PDSCH are those resources that are not set aside for other purposes like the harmonization signals, control signaling, locus signals and the PBCH. when the UE is conversant by the control indicating that, a certain pair of the first blocks properties in a certain sub frame is assigned to that UE; it is only the only resource element that is available inside those resource blocks that usually carries the PDSCH data (Rumney, 2013, 102). Usually, the distribution of resource blocks that are paired to the PDSCH transmission for a specific UE is usually signaled by the means of dynamic control signaling to the UE. This is usually transmitted at the beginning of a relevant sub frame through the use of a PDSCH. Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) A PDCCH is a message carrier that is used to carry messages that are known as the downlink resistor information. The DCI comprises of control information and the resource assignments for a group of UEs or a particular UE. This is used to explain how it is possible to transfer several PDCCHs in a single sub frame .the channels where messages are required to convey different pieces of data but the usefulness of content depends on the particular case of system operation and deployment(Rumney, 2013, 52).. A good example is that of a set-up that does not support the multi-input multi-output or if the UE is configured in a mode of transmission that does not involve MIMO. At this point, there is no need to hint those parameters that are only required for the communication of MIMO. For the parameter to be able to certify that the overhead that seem to be nodding is reduced, it is important to approve that several formats of different messages are available (Korowajczuk, 2011, 79). Each message should contain a minimum payload that is needed for a specific scenario. Nevertheless, in order to avoid much difficulty in the testing and implementation, it is important not to specify too many message formats. LTE Mobility Management The long-term evolution manages the movement of UE in two broad states; RRC idle state linked to the parameter RRC. When the parameter is connected to the RRC idle state, the reselection of cells takes place for the movement of the UE whereas when UE is linked to the RRC, the procedure followed in handling over normally handles the program (Rumney, 2013, 109). When the UE is in the RRC connected mode, all the mobile devices that use the network are usually fully synchronized with the network in the downlink and the uplink directions and therefore they can receive and transmit data at any given duration. While a device using the signals is in this state, a data tunnel for the user is established between the eNB, the SGW, and another tunnel between the PDN GW and the SWG. This makes it possible for data transmission in both directions and at the same time, the UE will be continuously monitoring the quality of the signals that serves the neighboring cell that usually reports to the network in un- defined time pauses(Rumney, 2013, 72).. Based on the measurement report, the handover is triggered by the network and it moves the UE to the better cell (Rumney, 2013, 62). In the long-term evolution, the handover process is controlled separately by each eNodeB either which also selects the measurement interval reporting periodically or when an event is triggered. The main reason for the distribution of the intelligence among the based stations in the LTE is to minimize the connection setup time and to enhance the handover process (Korowajczuk, 2011, 127). Hence, the eNodeB is obligated to send the report on the parameters of measurement to the device as soon as the RRC connection is developed and with the configuration of the RRC message when it is handed over to a new cell. A mobile device also collects signals from the neighboring cells since both the neighboring and the serving stations transmit signals on the same LTE channel. This is usually considered to be the noise from the data transfer or from the ongoing calls (Rumney, 2013, 122). Hence, the following measures are used to explain the current reception situations and to select the handover. Resource Allocation Methods The transmission indications of the allocation of the physical layer resource are one of the key functions that are provided by the parameter PDCCHs. However, the main use of the LTE parameters is based on the structure of the algorithms that have been implemented in the eNodeB. In spite of this, it is conceivable to instruct some general doctrines that are likely to be followed in the classic systems.in each and every sub frame, the PDCCHs shows the domain of the frequency resource allocation (Korowajczuk, 2011, 168). The process of resource allocation is usually localized. This means that the physical resource block is paired with the PRB in the first half of the sub frame with the PRB that has the same frequency being paired to the second half of the sub frame (De la roche, Glazunov, & Allen, 2013, 101). The major challenge faced by the signaling design of frequency domain allocation of the resources is to determine a good compromise between signaling overhead and flexibility SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR) This measure is used in engineering and science to compare the level of the required signal to the level of the noise in the background. SNR is defined as the ratio of the noise power to signal power, which is commonly conveyed in decibels. A ratio that is greater than 0 dB shows that there is more signal than the noise. Even though NSR is usually quoted for the electrical signal, it is usually applicable to any type of signal (Rumney, 2013, 142). NSR the and other components such as the bandwidth and the channel capacity that is used in a communication channel are usually connected by a theorem known as the Shannon-Harty theorem. Improving SNR SNR is usually used in the recording of the thermo gravimetric noise, in the above diagram, the measurements are disturbed depending on the magnitude of the noise, this noise includes the noise that is emitted electronically, but it can also include noise from the external events that may affect the measured phenomenon. Gravitational attraction from the moon, wind and vibration and other factors may also affect the NSR magnitude depending on the sensitivity of the device and what is being measured. Noise can be controlled through regulating the environment.in situations where the characteristic of the noise needed is known and it is different from the signals, filtration can be done and the signal can be processed(Rumney, 2013, 158). Bibliography DE LA ROCHE, G., GLAZUNOV, A. A., & ALLEN, B. (2013). LTE-advanced and next generation wireless networks channel modelling and propagation. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wiley. EURO-CHINA CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS, & PAN, J.-S. (2014). Intelligent data analysis and its applications. proceeding of the First Euro-China Conference on Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, June 13-15, 2014, Shenzhen, China Volume II Volume II. KOROWAJCZUK, L. (2011). LTE, WIMAX, and WLAN network design, optimization, and performance analysis. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wiley. KREHER, R., & GAENGER, K. (2011). LTE signaling, troubleshooting, and optimization. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wiley. RUMNEY, M. (2013). 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