Web-Technologies in Booking Systems - Research Paper Example

? Web-technologies in booking systems by What are the technologies used in booking systems/websites and theirlevel of efficiency? Abstract An in depth understanding of the internet will be undertaken outlining the underlying technologies. The target audience and their requirements will also be examined and then a justification for design choices will be made. Implementation is the final stage of the project however low level prototyping will also take place which will allow the verification of correct choices to the made. An understanding of these web-technologies will require a research report in order to understand them. Ajax and Google analytics will be examined and investigated in order to provide an understanding and finally implement them in the product. Functional and non-functional requirements will be addressed in the research report. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Review of Literature and Technologies 5 System Requirement Analysis 9 Project Rationale 9 Functional Requirements 10 Non-functional Requirements 13 Booking Websites Design Patterns 13 The technologies that will be used 15 CSS – Cascading Style Sheets and HTML 5 15 JavaScript and JQuery 16 AJAX 16 PHP and MySQL 17 Proposed Methodology 17 Summary or Conclusion 18 Introduction There is no doubt that since the 1960s, the internet has matured has now become one of the most common technologies used in the world. It has nonetheless become a valuable and new form of communication that has effectively collapsed all physical and geographical barriers. There are many reasons given for its success, one of them is the simplicity of its architecture which can be summarised as being a network of networks. Clients can make request to a computer via several protocols such as TCP/IP, Domain Name Servers (DNS) are used to lookup URL requests and translate words into IP addresses. One of the key recent milestones in the internet has been the emergence of internet 2.0. The benefits of this have been exploited by developers and corporations and thus the explosion of apps such as Skype, video on demand, API’s and interactive games have become one of the most common features of internet usage today. Other advantages include not having to refresh a whole page, page state can be maintained and inputted text is also saved (Campesato & Nilson 2010). All of these factors ensure a much smoother experience for the user. In this regard, the internet has become a more competitive marketing tool in the tourism and hospitality industry (Doolin et al. 2002). It has today become a common feature for travellers and tourists worldwide to rely on the power and capability of the internet powered by web 2.0 technologies to interact with businesses all over the world. They are able to gather information on prices, offers, packages, and destinations online or from the internet, conveniently, at least, at the comfort of their homes, offices, or even while on the move (Gaona et al. 2013). The latter is facilitated by the advanced in technology with regards to the capability of handheld devices including smartphones, laptops, and tablet computers (Greenspan 2004). Further, many hoteliers, and tour operators are regarding the internet/web as the new, cost-effective, and efficient distribution, marketing and customer care environment; thus most of them are taking advantage these e-services, specifically, online booking or reservation system. In order to facilitate the development of a system which can meets its goals and is also efficient, research suggests that the different elements of the system such as the interface code, server side scripting code and database code be separated. This is a common theory which industry has adopted because it allows people with different skills to develop a system simultaneously. This concept or is often termed N-tier architecture (B’Far 2005) and will be incorporated into the project. Developing online booking systems has many advantages both for the client and the business that provides online booking systems for its customers. Studies prove that people nowadays are more likely to book online than any other means such as in person or by phone. Also, booking systems offer a 24 hours service for bookings, this means that the systems is operating all the time without needing someone to accept bookings personally therefore, online booking systems allows the business to minimize staff dependency (Webreserve 2012). The research will discuss how an online booking system can be produced in terms of planning, implementation and evaluation. Technologies such as AJAX, Google Analytics and JQuery will be presented and explained in terms of their use and the appropriate way of implementing such technologies in a website. Furthermore, justifications for every required function or technology implemented will be provided. In terms of design, design patterns of booking websites will be studied in order to fully understand how to provide the user of this online booking system with a friendly easy-to-navigate design. Designs are believed to be a key element of a successful website. As for database (MySQL), a study which revolves and focuses on the booking systems database, how it should be and what it should store will be conducted and explained in the research. Review of Literature and Technologies The use of the internet, as Gaona et al. (2013) assert, has become a major trend in business practice and has thus resulted in a myriad of studies in the recent literature. The internet, a collection of millions of interconnects computer networks, offers free sharing and exchange of information. More than 500 million computers, in other words, more than 500, 000 computer networks all over the world communicate with each other on a daily basis (Napier et al. 2010). In this regard, the internet is first becoming a powerful channel or platform for business communication and marketing- an environment in which businesses can exploit new business opportunities, specifically new geographically-far away markets, and communicate with their customers in a more cost-effective way-, thus the common name e-commerce or e-business. This new e-commerce or e-business virtual marketplace has made it possible for businesses, particularly small businesses to compete with more robust business almost on the same scale/platform by simply having a unique better online presence/presentation in terms of their services or products (Schneider & Perry 2004). In the same regard, customers, can also enjoy, a better, wider choice, more competitive prices of services and products which they can easily access regardless of their geographical and physical location. Communication between customers/consumers and sellers/suppliers or businesses is enabled and made possible. Further, through EDI, Electronic Data Interchange, business and their consumers can securely, reliably, and efficiently exchange standard transaction documents such as purchase orders, receipts, and invoices with unbelievable ease. The tourism and hospitality industry are indeed fully aware of this trend and the capability, possibility and opportunities that the internet has to offer. During the early forays into the internet or cyberspace, the , tourism and hospitality industry did not strategically consider online booking, rather, most players in these businesses thought of it simply as a quick way of picking up additional business online through travel agencies; thus they handed over too much control of their pricing and inventory to these third-party agencies. However, today, most players, particularly hoteliers and tour operators are trying very hard to regain control of online booking system. It is arguable that at this time, customer purchasing and shopping patterns have been established, thus making it quite easy for the , tourism and hospitality industry to implement these online booking systems. While the pressure to reserve event tickets, sell/reserve rooms online might still continue, most business have developed new online strategies aimed at having a better handle on the potentially emerging market. Online booking systems, online reservation systems or e-booking as they have commonly been referred to, have evolved to be a foundation supporting all kind of computer software users. According to Lamersdorf et al. (2004), e-booking, or online booking system refers to an electronic interactive system capable of delivering information to users via networks to users computers (PCs), in other words, through cables or telephone lines to terminals. Online booking systems provide information such as news, business, entertainment, shopping, and education, usually in form of text. However, with the capabilities of web 2.0, such systems can today provide messaging services, as well as information in audio, graphic, and in video format. Online booking and reservation systems have today become a common and most popular way of booking events tickets, seminar and conference rooms, and hotel rooms. Customers particularly are able to book hotel rooms or reserve tables, and book or buy advance event/entertainment tickets from the comfort of their homes, cars or wherever they may be, through secure online booking systems. These systems are secure enough and can protect the private personal and financial information of the customers. They also enable customers to compare prices, and the types or quality of services offered by different businesses. Specifically, booking systems offers users or customers the ability to access room prices, sizes, facilities, quality, and destinations, of which they are able, using mobile applications or the internet to make book for flights of their choosing. Similarly, other indirect distribution agencies, including travel agencies can access this data. It is worth noting that this data is usually contained in a global distribution system (GDS), of which online booking systems are normally interfaced. This offers support to other indirect distribution channels including tour and travel agencies, making it possible for them to offer online booking e-service to their clients for multiple major s all in one comprehensive system. All the messaging in this system is transferred via a standardized messaging system, which transmits two types of messages. The first type of messages is those of real-time interactive and dynamic communication, while the second type refers to booking and information type messages that are accessed by travel/tour agencies and customers alike. According to Jarivs (2004), booking systems were in the past standalone systems with each hotel owning its own system, separate from others or tour/travel agencies; they were also only usable by a number of employees. In fact, customers had no direct access to these systems. Today, however, hotel room booking ticketing and travel information is stored, linked and can be retrieved by a network of computer booking/reservation systems, which not only the hotel or travel and tour agencies can access, but which can also be accessed by clients/customers from all over the world. Consumers can thus access and purchase reserve rooms, book seats or tables, and rental cars as well, directly through GDS gateways and portals on the web. In fact, an increasing number of hotel chains, resorts and restaurants are building their own online booking systems so that they can market their services and products directly to their customer. This is because consumers are protected from unnecessary charges such as deposits that third-party distributors or tour/travel agencies charge them. Hotel online booking systems are easy to user-user friendly-arrangement that makes it possible for guests, customers and tour or travel agents to easily and directly book and reserve rooms over the internet once they have confirmed that rooms are available and whether or not they are in accordance with their schedules/itinerary. Clearly, hotel booking and reservation systems are functionally complex and are business critical systems; this implies that designing and developing an online booking system is an expensive and quite complex undertaking, leave alone operating it in-house, which is in itself quite expensive (Jarivs 2004). In order to ensure that an online booking system developed meets the set functional and usability goals, and that it is efficient, Vidgen (2002) asserts that a combination web development and database technologies must be carefully selected, based on their efficiency level. Components of any online booking system encompass the use of a database for storing information-ticketing, flight schedules, news, and reservation, etc.-, a front-end system, usually web pages, that are used to retrieve forms and present information to the users, and technology or software that ensure that the web pages and the database seamlessly communicate. B’Far (2005) views and argues that systems such as online booking system that entails the incorporation of user interface (the front-end), server-side (middleware) and the database (backend) must be implemented separately. This, as had earlier been noted, is a concept B’Far (2005) refers to as an N-tier architecture that allows for the development of the three-tiers simultaneously by different people with different skills. System Requirement Analysis Most online hotel booking/reservation systems use CRS - computer reservation systems; thus, the online booking system proposed in this project will be hooked or be connected to an existing reservation system. This will require a thorough and detailed understanding of how the booking system is expected to function, and how the reservation system works, before any development can take place. In order to do this, it is important to detail the booking system’s rationale and further understand its functional and non-functional requirements. Project Rationale The hotel booking system proposed in this research will allow user or guests to register with the system in order to save their details; they will be able to register and required to fill in their general details before registering. Once registered, customers will first be required to activate their account’s using an email confirmation link that the system will automatically send to their email-the email they used while registering. The system will provide a filter to make the search for desired hotels easier such as searching by hotel rating or minimum and maximum budget. A photo gallery will be used to display further images of the chosen room/s as well as a description field and Google maps feature with the chosen room location indicated in the map. Once the client has chosen the desired rooms and wishes to book it the system will ask for the clients’ details such as name, phone number, email and password. The system will save the client’s information and uses the client’s email and password as log-in details for next time. The client can then log-in the system and book without having to fill in his details again, however, the client will have the option to edit his information. After booking a room(s), the system will send a booking confirmation to the customer’s registered email, the message will contain details of booking and invoice. In fact, the booking confirmation e-mail will contain a link that offers the customer a cancelation option. When the client decides to cancel, the booking details will be deleted from the database and the previously chosen room will be available again. Further, this online booking system will also implement an administrator page, also referred to as the system back-end; this will provide the system administrator provide a shortcut or easy access to the database within the website. The administrator will have different levels of access. For instance a 1st level admin can delete/edit/add room/s and view registered customers with the ability to delete/edit registered customers details. Functional Requirements User Accounts The client, customer, or hotel guest will henceforth be referred to as the “user” in the proposed online booking system. The reservation or booking system will offer the user three different choices when the user first interacts with the system. Depending on whether a user is registered, a guest, or someone just interested in checking the availability of rooms or book a room, any user will have to choose one of these three choices. A user who has dined in the hotel earlier must have been given a designated user id, a password and his personal details must have also been captured and stored in the database. Such personal information would henceforth be considered or known as the “user’s profile”. Thus, any user with an existing user profile will be known as a registered user, and will have the capability of checking the availability of rooms, type of rooms, and book room by simply logging into the system. On the other hand, new users will have the option to register with the system by offering their personal details or using the system as guests. A guest user, as opposed to a registered user will only be able to check the availability of rooms and the type of rooms available, but will not be able to book room(s) or cancel bookings. The system however, will also allow registered users to access the system as guest users in the event that they are only interested in checking the availability of rooms. Checking for the availability of rooms means that the users, whether guest or registered will be checking for available rooms at a given time or in coming days, their prices/costs, any discounts offered, type of room, and any packages that come with them. The online booking system will present a user with an exit option at any time. Registration and creation of a “User Profile” This system shall require that a user registers before he/she can transact with it, except only when a user is checking the availability of rooms. At the least, the system shall also ask the user of the following information including, a unique user id, a password, a last name/surname, a first name, email address, phone number, address, age, sex, and preferred credit number. Checking Availability Once the user is logged into the system, the user shall be requested to input his/her destination city. The system shall then refer to its hotel database and check whether or not there are any available rooms. The user shall then be asked to enter details or select the type of room(s), duration of stay, number of adult guests, senior citizens and children. The system shall then access the room booking/reservation database, using the user provided details and check which rooms are available and display the room number, hotel wing, type, package, and vacancy duration. It shall also display the price of booking a room and offer any regulations regarding cancellations and refunds, as well as list any available offers. Making Reservation / Booking / Confirmation The system shall then ask the user whether or not he/she wishes to book/reserve the room(s). If the user is using the system as a guest and wants to book the room(s), the system shall first prompt the user to register and then log into the system as a registered user. If the user is a registered user and was already logged in, he/she will be able to book the room. The system shall the update the number of rooms in the reservation database and reduce the number of available rooms in a given wing. Once the user has paid for the booked room(s), the system shall access his/her profile and charge the corresponding cost of the room(s) to the user’s credit card. It will then generate a confirmation number in form of an invoice that will be sent to the users email. Reschedule Booking The system shall offer users the option to reschedule their room bookings or change the type of rooms they had booked. First, the system will log in a user and request for his/her confirmation number-which had been automatically generated by the system upon payment and sent to the users email. With this confirmation number, the system is able to query the reservation database and present the user with the details of his/her room booking. It shall then ask the user to select his/her newly preferred dates/duration of stay form a calendar menu and type of room(s) preferred. In the vent that his/her selected period of stay has no vacant rooms or his preferred room type, the system shall display appropriate message informing the user reschedule to that period is not possible and that the type of room(s) is not vacant. Otherwise, the system asks the user to confirm his/her selection and goes ahead to update the database accordingly. Booking Cancellation The system shall offer users the option to cancel a confirmed booking. The system shall ask the user for the confirmation number and access the reservation database and display the booking details to the user. It will then list the applicable rules and regulations for booking cancellations as well the percentage of the amount that shall be refunded if the booking is cancelled. Once the user cancels the booking, the system shall generate a cancellation number, which it shall automatically send to the users email. It shall then access the reservation database and update it by increasing the number of available rooms, based on type and wing by the number of the room(s) that the user had booked. Update Profile The system shall allow user the capability of updating their profiles at any given time. The users will only be allowed to make changes to all fields including phone number, preferred credit number, and address. View Booking Status The system shall also allow users to view all the information regarding their booked rooms. Once a user is logged, the system shall ask him/her for his confirmation number, with which it will access the reservation database and retrieve all the details of the user room(s) booking and display them to the user in any easy to read format Non-functional Requirements Performance The response time for the online hotel booking system needs to be very fast; this is the time that the users will wait while the system executes queries, access, and retrieves information from the database. Reliability The online hotel booking system shall be available at all times, 24/7 and shall provide real-time information about the availability of rooms, their types, packages, and prices. Usability The online hotel booking system shall offer a user-friendly or easy-to-use and access GUI, graphical user interface. The interface shall also be easily navigable. Integrity The system must also be secure enough to protect user personal and financial information. It shall use encryption to protect the database; alterations directly to the database shall only be made by the system administrator. User must first be authenticated before they can access any personal data. Interoperability This system shall also minimize the required effort for coupling it to another system, such as computer reservation system. Booking Websites Design Patterns An effective online booking system must employ the latest technologies to enable vacationers or hotel guests to get the best deals. Most vacationers or hotel guests today turn to the internet through their PCs, smartphones and tablets for on the spot booking of hotel rooms. In this regard, booking websites or online booking systems must provide user with the capability to compare rates, read reviews, find and view available rooms based on size and type from anywhere, from their PCs and mobile devices. Thus, it is common practice for hotels, as Thomson (2012) asserts, to offer online booking websites that mainly focuses on their unique brand and offering customers the capability to see room availability, rates, types and purchase pre-built packages. It is important, especially for independent small hotel chains that lack the capability of branding possessed by large hotel chains to develop custom, eye-catching booking websites, which will in the end result in direct online bookings, devoid of third-party distributors’ fees. It is custom for online booking systems that are aimed at creating unique online experience to provide additional functionalities such as CRM-Customer Relationship Management-, a booking engine and e-mails. A booking engine capable of communicating with guests via post and pre-paid reservation confirmation and e-mail messaging is definitely an added advantage. With the advent of tablets and smartphones, there is a whole new form of internet-based/online room booking. A 2010 research by Priceline reported that more that 83% of those guests who booked hotel rooms online did so using their smartphones (Schaal 2010). The bottom line is, for successful online hotel booking systems, these websites must be optimized to be mobile-friendly and reflect the important information that travellers and customers look for. These include information such as real-time room availability, room types, and related price ratings. Schaal (2010) asserts that the website needs to be simple and easy to navigate with a user-friendly graphical user interface, and must be secure and mobile-friendly; this would increase the number of last-minute direct online booking made via smartphones and other hand-held devices. They must also allow users to flexibly and easily search for whatever rooms they require, comparing price, type, and availability and actually making a booking. The technologies that will be used The following web 2.0 technologies will be used in the development of this online hotel booking system are: CSS – Cascaded Style Sheets for interface design HTML 5 – Hypertext Mark-up Language for designing the web-pages JavaScript and JQuery Library for client side programming AJAX MySQL to query, retrieve, edit, delete and store data in the database Google Analytics in order to get detailed statistics about the visitors of a website PHP to act as a link between the webpages and the database CSS – Cascading Style Sheets and HTML 5 HTML 5 is the revised version of the original standard of HTML developed by WWC in the 1990s, which defined an Open Web Platform. HTML allows for presenting and structuring of web content consistently across various web-browsers. HTML 5 is more improved and can handle the demands of cross-device, mobile internet access and rich media requirements. Thus, using HTML 5 rather than the traditional HTML or any other mark-up language makes it easy for the online booking system to be cross-platform application with the capability of running on mobile devices. This is because, most of its features have been optimized to run on low powered hand-held devices such as tablets and smart phones (Kadlec 2013). CSS on the other hand is a language used for designing web pages and offers designers the capability of deciding how they would like their website documents to be styled. Regardless of operating system or device, CSS are easily interpreted by all graphical browsers. It will be used, in this case, to tailor how web pages will appear, specific to a screen or device size; it would be used to implement the system’s front-end design. Using CSS and HTML 5 will enable the creation of refined, accurate and efficient web system and web pages that can operate across operating systems, web browsers, and devices – write once, run anywhere (Kadlec 2013). Further, it allows for the creation of easy, and fast-loading webpages that use less bandwidth, allows the position of elements anywhere in a webpage, makes it easy for a website to feature in the search engine indexes, and ensure printer-friendly webpages. JavaScript and JQuery JavaScript is one of the most versatile, effective and simple web 2.0 technologies used to extend the functionalities of websites (Flanagan 2011). JavaScript enables calculating and processing data on webpages, and onscreen visual effects with a lot of ease. It is executed on the client-side, implying that the processor is executed on the client’s processor, not on the serve thus saving on the strain and bandwidth on the webserver. Additionally, JavaScript code is executed and its results and processing completed almost instantly, since processing is on the client’s server not on the webserver, which may require sending back data to the user. However, JavaScript also has certain drawbacks including security issues since it executes on the user’s server, immediately, it can be used to exploit the user systems. On the other hand, JQuery is a JavaScript library that is far much easier to use and helps in controlling HTML events. It uses condensed syntax making it easy to use in achieving tasks that would rather be complex to implement using JavaScript (Wellman 2011). Apart from its ease of use, it is open source, has great tutorials, and is capable of supporting Ajax templates with ease. AJAX AJAX is used to handle web applications to offer better interactivity to users because implementing AJAX on website does not require reloading of webpages with regards to dynamic content (Darie 2006). AJAX enables easier navigation on websites for users when compared to traditional forward and back buttons on the browser. It also enables handling of multi-purpose features and applications using a single webpage. This avoids the need for the need of clutter with a myriad of webpages (Tabatha & Nina 2013). PHP and MySQL PHP – Hypertext Pre-processor is a very common and popular web development language, while MySQL is a SQL open source RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) (Welling & Thomson 2009). PHP and MySQL facilitate update of a content driven website on a daily basis, without prior notice of HTML. Since this online hotel booking system is database driven, using PHP which is a server side scripting language enables the development of dynamic web-pages (Shiflett 2006). Proposed Methodology This system will be developed following the traditional waterfall system development life cycle, which is a linear sequential model, which is marked by feedback loops (Fujita & Johannesson 2003). First, requirement analysis will be performed, in which customer need will be gathered and defined in clear possible means. Secondly, the system analysis and design will follow, in which software and hardware architecture, modules, components, data and interfaces are specified to security and performance parameters. At this stage, the user interface issues are defined and addressed including accessibility and navigation issues. Implementation and testing phases then follow in which the product is actually constructed according to the design specifications. In the testing stage, individual components are then integrated and tested methodically to ensure that they error free and ensure that they meet the requirements that had been outline in the requirements analysis stage. The next step is the installation phase in which the product once certified and tested to be fit for use is prepare for installation and use. After installation, maintenance occurs, a stage in which modifications to the systems are done as they arise in order to improve performance or alter attributes. Waterfall methodology is chosen for this project because it enforces discipline, since every stage has a defined stand point and end point. It is also easy to identify progress conclusively by the development team, client and the vendor. It also ensures that less time is wasted since, no code can be written before requirements and design is done (Fujita & Johannesson 2003). Summary or Conclusion This research has conducted an in depth analysis and understanding of the internet, and outlining the underlying technologies. Further the requirements of the system have been examined and a justification for design choices and technologies has also been made. Functional and non-functional requirements have been addressed and discussed conclusively in this research report. Due to the time frame and human error factors, some of the objectives may or may not be implemented in the final product, however, the booking system overall will be produced. Bibliography B’Far, R., 2005. Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Campesato, O. & Nilson, K., 2010. Web 2.0 Fundamentals: With AJAX, Development Tools, And Mobile Platforms, London: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Darie, C., 2006. AJAX and PHP: Building Responsive Web Applications. [Internet], Birmingham: Packt Publishing. 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