The United States in World War 2 - Term Paper Example

United States in World War 2 Author Author Affiliation Date Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Background of World War 2 3 US entry into World War 2 4 Shift in US Foreign policy 5 Defense policy and strategic planning of US during war period 6 Preparedness of US for World War 2- recruitment and training of military personnel 7 US policy on communication intelligence during war period 8 War administration policy 10 Establishment of war production boards 11 Efforts by US for achieving victory in the war 12 The home front efforts in World War 2 13 The American family on the home front 13 Labor and working class in World War 2 14 Minorities and women in on the home front 14 US efforts of mobilizing the economy during war period 14 Internment policy of US 16 Wartime refuge policy 17 Victory of US and Europe in World War 2 17 Evaluation of US entry and its policies in World War 2 18 Conclusion 19 References 20 Introduction The Second World War was the largest and most violent event in the history of the world. It started in 1939 when the Nazi government of Germany invaded Poland. It was the clear violation of the sovereignty of any country. Thus Soviet Union requested many European countries to stand with polish Government and to make an allied force against the Nazis. Similarly, Hitler initiated the operation Barbarossa by including Japan, Italy and other powers of Asia to gain the hegemony in the Asian Pacific region. But in all happenings United States maintained its neutral role till Japan had made the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pearl Harbor attack was the event that forced the United States to change its policies and joined the war against Germany, Japan and Italy and United States did so. The government was led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who decided to join the war and to support Europe by supplying military personnel and equipment to all the countries who engaged in the war against Germany, Italy and Japan and ultimately got victory in the World War 2 (Piehler and Pash 2010). This essay explains in detail the role of the United States during the war and also describes its different policies like war administration policies, economic policies, communication and intelligence polices and many others to create a clear understanding of the United States position in World War 2. Background of World War 2 World War 1 left many issues unresolved and that became the main causes of World War 2. The whole dispute was for achieving the power and hegemony in the Asian-Pacific region. During March 1938 seized Czechoslovakia and turned his attention to invaded Poland. Despite Britain, the Soviet Union and France made many efforts and agreement with Germany to make ensure the integrity of the sovereignty of the Poland. But, German forces raided to western Poland to invade the territory of Poland, which was the clear violation of all the agreement. Then Soviet Union requested all the European countries to form a block against Italy, Germany and Japan. Thus, France and Britain declared war and started mobilizing all of their resources to use in the war (Harrison 1988). Moreover, Hitler also started operation Barbarossa in 1941 in which he was planning to invade many parts of the Soviet Union from the Baltic shore in the north to the Black sea in the South. In this way Germany and Soviet Union were engaged in the war. And on the other hand, the Soviet Union formed the block with European countries against Germany, Italy and Japan. While Italy declared war against Britain and France and send almost 100000 troops to the UK, but Britain was very well equipped it was very difficult for the Italians Government to win the war against UK and the war in North Africa had also started at the same time. In other words, Nazism and fascist movements were mainly responsible in creating war on the different parts of the world (Beevor 2012). In different parts of the world, various countries were engaged in the war, but, United States a biggest and powerful country remained itself away from the ongoing conflict and war. But the attack on US naval base Pearl Harbor by Japan changed the history and the whole scene of the World War 2 and United States enters into the war and contributed in the war victory with full zeal and enthusiasm. US entry into World War 2 On Dec 7, 1941 when japan staged the surprise attack on the Pearl Harbor, the Hawaii naval base. The attack was very devastating because at Pearl Harbor many pacific fleets were moored in only two hours japan warplane damaged almost 18 US warships and completely destroyed 164 US aircrafts. The attack not only damaged the military war equipment, but at the same time almost 2400 American servicemen and civilians were killed in the attack. The attack was proved disastrous and dreadful, for United States of America. That was the event that forced the United States to quite its isolationism and non-interventionism policy and adopt active involvement in the world war. Therefore, President Roosevelt on 8 December declared the war against Japan, Germany and Italy. Now American was drawn into a global war and became the active part of the World War 2. Since 9 December United States also changed its policies and adopt completely new policies to deal the challenges of the War. Firstly, the United States changed its foreign poly and then other administration policies and became full involved into the war (Hill 2003). Shift in US Foreign policy The most striking and attractive feature of American foreign policy is its flexibility. It can be changed any time according to the need of the situation. The Americans foreign policy has always been too naïve, too manipulative and too calculative. It has unilateralism and multilateralism at the same time. Moreover, it can be moral and immoral all depends on the need of the United States (Mead 2013). So, the United States used this striking feature in 1940 as well. By the late 1930, it continued its efforts of staying away from the war in Europe and Asia. United States passed many doctrines and drafts to be neutral in the war. But after the Pearl Harbor attack that was held in 1940 compelled the government to enter into the war. When United States entered into the World War 2 it also shifted its foreign policy and its agendas. The foreign policy of neutrality and non-intervention transformed into non-belligerency. United States joined the block of Europe and made commitment of providing aid to the nations at war against the axis powers Germany, Italy and Japan. During Second World War the United States of America not gave and show association, but became a full-fledged member of the Allies in Europe during the war. As an Ally United States provided full military and other assistant to Europe. Even it also sent the forces to the Pacific against Japan and also to North Africa against Italy and Germany. It also provided military and intelligence support to Europe and other allied countries. The shift of Foreign policy and entering into the war made US foreign policy more dominating and influential after it achieved victory in World War 2 (Dallek 1995). Defense policy and strategic planning of US during war period The longest and the most uneven defense campaign was conducted in World War 2 by the United States. The campaign was not only ensured the security of the state, but also democracy of America. President Franklin Roosevelt termed his defense campaign as the arsenal of democracy. In all the allied nations, only United States was economical stable country that had powerful industries. By 1945, US industries had manufactured enormous military equipment and material and gave all the material to its allied nation to use it in war. The industry expanded its production in all fronts and produced 88410 tanks, 46,857 self-propelled guns and assembled 283,230 planes, whereas Germany did not manage to expand its production from the US. Moreover, the recruitment in armed had also increased from 2 million to 8 million and the air force bases expanded to 89 divisions. But despite of the huge expansions in the defense policy the security and safety of the United States was absolute because lots of panic and anxiety had created among the people of America after the Pearl Harbor attack .Thus to achieve security in the western hemisphere, it was imperative for the United states to adopt offensive defense policy to save them from the attack like pearl harbor (Kirkpatrick 1992). The strategic position of the America was good because of its fortune geographical position and hemispheric neighbors. As United States separated from Europe and Asia so it was difficult for the enemy to attack from thousands of miles. The extensive planning was needed to attack on the United States by the Asian aggressors and that was the impressive strategic factor. The analyst concluded that neither Italy nor japan had powerful navy or air force to make any raid on the United States. The outbreak of war made America much safer and secure, the powerful British Royal Navy that was backed with a French fleet took the control of Atlantic as long as this British controlled navies existed in Atlantic no one could think to raid or attach United States. To reciprocate this navy support United States provided navy forces in the Pacific region to protect Europe from the attack of Japan. Different setting had been made like with Mexico, Brazil and other countries to use their bases to attack Japan and Germany. Moreover, it was Americans benefit that they knew submarine doctrine very well (Fairchild and Byron 1989). Preparedness of US for World War 2- recruitment and training of military personnel When United States decided to enter in the World War 2 it was experiencing great economic depression with high unemployment. Moreover, the United States had not enough army personnel to face formidable challenges of war. Therefore, the United States decided to raise and train their military personnel and increased their military equipment production for itself and also for supplying them to their war allies in Europe and in Soviet Union. For increasing the production the huge spending and labor force were required, but all the American men, women and even old fully supported all the moves of government and joined the army and workplaces with full zeal and enthusiasms. In 1941, many soldiers, airmen, sailors and many other army men were recruited and number of military workforce had increased by 2.2 million. Many American men and women withdrawal their civilian lives and joined. People came up into the war from different backgrounds, community and classes of the society. Moreover, African Americans were also joined the army to defense its country. Many were volunteer, but many joined the army to protect their country and the total number of military personnel had increased by 10 million during the war time (Herman and Arthur 2012). When newly recruited military personnel came at the training camps, they had to adopt an entirely new way of living, stripped life and give up their civilian freedom it was a big challenge for Americans. They undergone from very strict and difficult physical and combat trainings. The difficult training was given to all men and women to make them capable to fight in the battlefield. Moreover, many technical classes were given to operate communication system. Likewise, training to operate and maintain weapon during war time was also given by trained military heads. They were drilled in the basic military life and trained them to work as a part of a team. In the training US military also taught them a different code of conducts of the army and trained them mentally to face all difficult challenges and never think to quite from any situation (Stewart 2005). US policy on communication intelligence during war period The navy communication intelligence during the pre-war period was more complex than the Army’s. There were three communication processing centers. These communication processing centers that were at Pearl Harbor, Corregidor (cast unit) and Washington were used to perform cryptanalysis, traffic analysis and translation. In 1942 the United States coast guard become involved in the communication intelligence which was primarily used to detect the smuggling activities, but in prewar preparations it had been converted from the intelligence division to communication division that was used to crate communication between USA, Brazil, Chile, Argentine and many other Latin countries that became a powerful communication throughout the war period (Lester and Hydrick 2012). In 1942 the memorandum was issued by the American defense division to expand and make more changes in the naval and air force communication intelligence. The agreement was made between Navy-Army-FBI in 1942 to construct a powerful intelligence network, but the shortcoming of this agreement was oblivious as the United States did not make any specific arrangements and government also ignored regional intelligence division in this agreement. Moreover, another development had made in communication intelligence network when US-British COMINT came into being according to this agreement government code and Cipher school became the head of controller of communication network. From 1942 to 1945 the GC & CS were divided into two main broad groups, one was called civil organization and other was service organization. The civil organization controlled the foreign diplomatic relations and espionage activities between allied nations of the war and its head office was in London. Likewise the service organization was concerned with the communication intelligence activities related to naval, air force, army and civilian stations. Thus the expansions and agreements were made to build strong communication intelligence network during war period and it had given positive results and contributed well in the US war’s victory (Sexton 1974). US not only changed its communication intelligence policies during war but also expanded its combat intelligence divisions. The combat divisions was mainly divided into two groups one is F-21 organization and other was F-22 organization. The F-21 organization performed operations of U-boat war; control antisubmarine activities and other fleet operations during the summer period of war. On the other hand, F-22 handled totally different activities that controlled the naval operations and surface force operation in war period. The special MIS system had also been developed by the US that damaged the military system of the enemy countries especially Japan and Germany. The break through information system of United States broke and exploited the military system of japan. Moreover, codes of japan administration were also obtained by American army to know the secrets of Japan army about war planning. Similarly the traffic of Germany intelligence network had also been disturbed by the US breakthrough system. Thus, United States used its communication intelligence to achieve the victory in the war (Benso 1997). War administration policy The war production was at peak in 1944, it was difficult for the US government and its leaders to compel the workforce to produce war equipment rather than the consumer goods. In this way leaders of that time experiencing the stake of shifting production. Therefore the US government had started the resource mobilization policy and also included private sector in the production and manufacturing process. The mobilization policy was less centralized and it was of laissez-faire manner. Like the economies of other opponent belligerent nations Germany and Italy were monitored by military and civilian members of the war council. On the same time in United States economic matters were handled by the democratic civilian governments and military matters were controlled by military heads not a single civilian could intervene in the war military matters. Moreover, in the administration policy United States also established different agencies as per order of the President Roosevelt. Different agencies included office of emergency management, supply and allocation board, national defense advisory council and many other important departments. Furthermore private sector also joined hand with the bureaucracy of the United States to expand the industry related agencies (Koistinen and Paul 2004). Establishment of war production boards In addition, a new mobilization agency that was named as war production board was also established by the President Roosevelt which was headed by the Donald Nelson .The main purpose of this board was to manage the financial needs of civilian and military at the same time. As it was difficult for the government to maintain balance of cash flow between both military and civilian departments. Thus the main responsibility of Nelson was to successfully resolve the feasibility dispute the conflict between civilians and military of the United States. The committee of war production board used to meet both civilian and military to hear their needs and demand and sort out various issues according to the need of time. Moreover the war production board also had to select the material plans in which they decided which material would be used and would it is effectively allocated. The concern allocated materials were steel, aluminum and copper. The war production board tried very hard to sort out all the conflicts and issues between military and civilian during the war time and production period but conflict could not be resolved completely (Research Publications, inc 1976). Efforts by US for achieving victory in the war There were many challenges for United States in the initial years of the war but it managed all the difficulties very well. The main problem that United States faced in production of equipment was the shortfall of metals. Mainly the three most important metal like aluminium, copper and steel that were used in the production ships and other military equipment. To overcome this need the American government launched a successful campaign “savage for victory”. The scrap was savaged from the homes and homes appliances. Different home equipment were gather to use them as a metal like old cars, pipes .pots, frames, steel beds. Similarly Americans also gathered tin, nylon, rubber, paper in salvage drive. Moreover another campaign was also launched that was called “share your cars and spare your tires” the motive of this drive was to meet the military need of tires. When Japan invaded South East Asia one of the largest import of tires and rubber had been cut off that effected United States badly. So it was requested by the United States government to the people to share their cars and donate their tire in the cause of war. Likewise America also used several other techniques to overcome the rubber short.it had started synesthetic rubber industry and people of America also contributed a lot of rubber scrap to help the Government. Moreover, finance was also needed for fund raising purpose different taxes were imposed on the people. The withholding system of payroll deduction was another wartime development. Moreover war bonds were also issued by the Government to increase the finances of war and US government forced people to buy that bonds and limit their spending on consumer goods. This drive for collecting defense and war fund was known as “Dollar for defense” in which people of American supported all the activities of that drive (Jordan 2015). The home front efforts in World War 2 When US became the part of World War 2, the efforts had been increased by US government to win the war. The armed force and the production of armed equipment had been expanded. The armed force was supplied with uniforms, tanks, guns, and warplanes that are needed for fighting purpose. As United States had a capability to produce enormous fighting equipment and also had a capacity to supply them to their allies. The production of armed force had brought new opportunities for the people of America and unemployment rate decreased in the days of war. The President Franklin D. Roosevelt also demanded full cooperation from the people of United States. Men, women and even minority played important role in the world war 2.This contribution was termed as home front efforts of the people of United States in World War 2. The American family on the home front Millions of American families got job opportunities in the war period after the long period of depression and many black families migrated to Pacific coast. The government recognized the need of houses and launched the campaign “move over” or “share your houses “because many families were suffering deplorable housing conditions during wartime. Many families came at front to help those who had no place or shelter to live and it was estimated that 1.5 million families shared houses, flat and apartment with their relatives, friends and even with strangers. Many people suffered during the war period but people of America never refuse for cooperation and sacrifices (John 1943). Labor and working class in World War 2 World War 2 was the turning point for the labors of United States. Many farmers were recruited to armed force and workforce because the need of labors in the factories and arm force was very high. It was the need of the time to recruit as much as men in the workforce. Full employment rate had radical impact on the lives of ordinary American. Even before the Pearl Harbor attack American were facing poor standard of living, high unemployment and high inflation with high poverty rate. But during the war period the standard of living and employment rate both increased and brought many opportunities for the people of United States (Jeffries, Tuttle and Lichtenstein 2007). Minorities and women in on the home front Minorities and women both contributed a lot in the war efforts. More than 6 million of American women joined the armed force. Not only in army but women also recruited in the labor force as well because at that time country had a need to supply weapon and war equipment into the war. The number of working women increased by almost 57% which was a great number for that time. In the Second World War, women were side by side with the men in industries and in the fighting grounds (Mandel and Sinclair 2002). Similarly African American also contributed in the war and they migrated to pacific coast to join workforces and armed forces of pacific coast of America like Texas, California etc. (The National WWII Museum 1945). US efforts of mobilizing the economy during war period United States also done many efforts to mobilizing its economy during the war period. Many campaigns were launched to save consumer goods because the more attention was given on the production of military equipment and weapons. Government launched the campaign food for victory in which it was the patriotic duty to eat leftover to save the production of consumer goods and people were forced to grow more vegetables and fruits in their farms to use them as consumer goods. Despite of depending on the government markets for vegetables and fruits because government even farmers were busy in the workplaces. Similarly other campaign was also launched in which it was requested by the government authorities to the people of America to grow more cocoa. And save fats and glycerin that could be used in the production of rifles, mortars and other weapons of the war. These efforts were just to limit the consumer goods production and increase the military production. Americans economy performed astonishing feats in the World War 2.Many new factories were built and new production units were also established. Millions of new job had been created for the people of America. The gross national product GNP became doubled during the war period. In 1941 the GNP was $99.7 billion and in 1945 it was $212 billion. The production of military equipment was also increased by miraculously. Almost 50000 aircrafts were built for use them into the war. The defense spending was also increased by $1.5 to $81.5 just to fulfill the supply requirement to Soviet Union and Great Britain. The workplace and organizational unemployment were also decreased. Many people joined army and factories for participating into the war. Employees also contributed a lot in overtime and earned a lot by exploited this opportunity (Kennedy 1999). Women also encouraged to participate in the workplaces and in the army. The wages of the employees were also raised by almost 65% due increase in the wages employees enjoyed stable and even improving quality of lives. The standard of living had also increased of the people of United States during the war but after that it had declined (Higgs 1992). The fiscal policy had also changed by the government of United States during the war period as country had need of raising their finances. The department of treasury launched a successful policy of selling of war bonds. These war bonds sold to public to raise the finances especially for defense. American government also imposed many taxes and increased their tax collection from $4 million to $43 million from 1939 to 1945.Furthermore migration on large scale has also occurred during the war period many people joined army and workplaces and shifted to underdeveloped rural areas to big urban developed area. Migration also altered the economic spectrum of many areas of America. In addition, per capita income had also increased during war time after many years long depression the people of America had experienced good and progressive time during the war period. And scientific and technological advancement also pushed economic progress and helped the America to become technological and scientific developed nation (Field 2003). Internment policy of US Internment policy is one of the cruel action that is taken by the Government in the war period in which people or a group people of enemy country are imprisoned and confined without trial. United States also adopted internment policy with the Japanese American. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued executive orders 9066 and arrested almost 110000 to relocate to a number of relocate center and camps, the camps were at west coast and then shifted them to any rural are and they had been confined in that camps in almost 4 years. The provided medical and other facilities were not up to the mark. American Japanese families were faced very strict rules and regulations in the camps. Even under this order almost 100000 American Japanese were detained and in which 3000 were school going children their education and family life both were disturbed during the war period and even after the war. These Japanese prisoner were those civilian who never break any civilian law or rule but still they suffered a lot during the war (Hall 1998). Wartime refuge policy Where the internment policy was issued for Japanese American on the other hand Roosevelt Administration had also launched relief actions to help European Jews and other refugees. The relief included relaxation of immigration policies for especially European Jews. But the conflict had been created by some opponent blocks and labor union on immigration policy for Jews. Many American were not ready to accept this relaxation for Jews and detained orders for Japanese. But when President Roosevelt received many evidences of Nazis government and their persecution on the Jews, he gave signed the executive orders to establish War refuge board. The war refuge board had responsibilities to rescue and give relief to all those who flee to Nazis government and also to those who were still present in the occupied locations of Nazi. The provision of safe heaven and delivery of relief to their camps were the some duties of war board. Moreover, United States provided $1million at initial stage to the war refuge board for providing relief to almost 200000 Jews of the Nazi government (Brown 2010). Victory of US and Europe in World War 2 On 8 May 1945, finally German troops throughout the Europe surrendered and laid down their arms in different cities Japanese soldiers were signed ceasefire agreement like Copenhagen, Oslo, Karl horst, Berlin, Latvia. In Prague 8000 German soldiers were killed by soviet antagonistic forces and ultimately they also accepted their defeat. The main reason of accepting the defeat by German soldiers were the US backed equipment and offensive attitude of soviet forces. Many German soldier were experiencing the fear to catch by the Russian soldiers and to being in the imprisonment. Thus they accepted the defeat. Finally, 8 may is celebrated as victory day of Europe and its allies especially America. All the occupied states by Nazi government put out its flag and rejoice the defeat of Nazi government and its war machine (Herman and Arthur 2012). Evaluation of US entry and its policies in World War 2 When Japan and Germany forces surrendered it was the clear victory of Europe and America in the World War 2.it proved that American army and navy forces were most powerful of the world. All the people whether civilians or military personnel fought to achieve the victory and ultimately they succeeded. Some were succeeded by fighting as a military personnel and other were succeeded by working in the factories for increasing the production. All the nation was felt proud for their contribution in the war. The government also involved youth in their campaigns of rationing and collecting the scrap. In this way not only men or women but children and youth also contributed well in the world war 2.Even one of the popular journalist called the World War 2 generation as greatest generation of the times (Brokaw 2001). All the policies were proved very good and effective as it brought lots of new opportunities for the people of America. The economy was at boom, unemployment rate diminishes, standard of living increases, the hegemony of United States maintained, production increases, social mobility of minority and women also increased and many other. But on the darker side, the victory for Europe and America proved disastrous for the japan in which many civilian were died because of nuclear attacks. Which was something very brutal from the American side and its shows its incapacity to handle the issue without use of arm force. Two bombing at least killed 129000 people and world war 2 was the only war in which atomic bombing has been used (Louis 1969). At the same time World War 2 was the only event in which global conflict appeared. Moreover, it was the only event which gave extraordinary powers to United States and it appeared as a powerful country of the world. In addition World War 2 and United Sates also created influence of nuclear weapons on the international balance of power. All policy fruitful for the America and Europe but not for the rest of the world and also for future wars. Conclusion To concluded that it can be deduced that United States played important role and supported European group with full zeal and enthusiasm. All policies of America were effective. World war also brought many opportunities for United States. The standard of living and social mobility increased. Even all the people of America from different strata came and joined the war and contributed a lot in the war efforts. Government of United States also designed and implemented policies to raise funds and to make people involve in the war. But the victory United States and Europe last very disastrous effect on japan and Germany. Japanese were faced detainees from different parts of the works and Japanese soldiers also faced persecution and various strict trials. On the other hand the twin atomic bombs on the two big cities of Japan and many people lost their lives in the attack. Thus, World War 2 badly effect the lives of many people and proved disastrous. References Beevor, Antony. 2012. The Second World War. New York: Orion publisher. Benso, Ra bert Louis. 1997. "A History of U.S. Communications Intelligence during World War 11: Policy and Administration." Journal of National Security agency of USA 1-193. Brokaw, Tom. 2001. The Greatest Generation. Delta trade publisher. Brown, Ted. 2010. "American Refugee Policy before and at the outbreak of WW2." Philosophical Club of Cleveland 1-10. Dallek, Robert. 1995. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945: With a New Afterword. 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