Latinos as into the United States - Essay Example

Latinos/ as into the United s Introduction Latino is a term that refer to a segment of unitedstate population that trace their origin to Spanish speaking in Caribbean and Latin America. It was in the second half of the nineteenth century that Latino communities emerge in united state though their presence can be traced back to 1500 (Grosfoguel, 1999). Migration of Latino into united state has been driven by various factor, which include development, of Mexico region and American south west in early twenty century, agriculture expansion and revolution that drove Mexican toward Mexican /united state border hence creation of Latino migratory route into united state (Ornelas, 1999). Factors driving Mexican migration to the United States in 1848-1945 Mexican revolution in 1910 was the push factor that sparked a large exodus of Mexican laborers to the southwest though this push coincided with a pull force in United State of economic development (Ornelas, 1999). Economic development mainly in California, Arizona and Texas contributed by extensive irrigation system, elaborate transport system and the demand induced by World War 1 (Ornelas, 1999). Social and economic instability in home land caused Mexican laborers to be attracted in United State where unskilled laborers in southwestern industries were paid even five times better compared to similar industries in the home country (Ornelas, 1999), thus higher wage was the attractive pull force to Mexican. According to Ornelas department of labor in 1914 reported that about 8000 aliens mainly of Mexican had entered United State at Eagle pass, Significant northward movement by Mexican laborer began with construction of Mexican railroad connecting United State border towns with Mexico city and greatly increased with completion of construction of rail road in 1980’s (Ornelas,1999) this is because rail road provided the most common mode of transport for Mexican migrant.aso automobile transport provided another means of transport to United State (Ornelas,1999). Due to intensified military operation after the assassination of President Francisco Madero, many people were panic stricken and this lead to expanded dimension of movement across the border and many Mexican ended up in United State (Ornelas, 1999). Due to agriculture extension in United State, in 1918 United State department of labor developed a plan in cooperation with Colorado beet growers secured Mexican labors to work in the farms, (Ornelas, 1999) where in fiscal year 1919 farmers had recruited more than 10,000 of 20,000 Mexican laborers were admitted, and while the law required these Mexican to return their home country within six months more than half of them did not return back to Mexico (Ornelas, 1999). Colombia immigrants About 3 million Columbians or 8 percent of the total Colombia country population reside beyond Columbia territory (Guarnizo Sá nchez and Roach, 1999). Additional 3 percent of the total population have been caused to migrate away due to acute ravaging strife in the country (Guarnizo Sá nchez & Roach, 1999). This was because of the high proportion of Colombia immigrants in comparison to Dominican Republic, and El Salvador make it a high migration country and the largest proportion of Colombia immigrant live in United State. The Colombian immigrant population is not geographically concentrated compare to other Latin immigrant in United State (Guarnizo, Sá nchez & Roach, 1999). Unlike Puerto Ricans, and Salvadorans, Colombian mainstream into Americans also despite the fact that the group of Colombia immigrant is small they tend to be of class position i.e. The larger proportions of Colombian immigrant are professional and have a higher level of education thus higher per capita income and low rate of poverty in comparison to Puerto Ricans and Salvadorans (Guarnizo, Sá nchez and Roach, 1999). Synonymous drug trafficking identified with Colombia regardless of its validity have affected Colombian immigrant negatively in United State. This image has translated to stigmatization of Colombian immigrant (Guarnizo, Sá nchez and Roach, 1999). Puerto Rico of Caribbean region During the world war, two United State relied on Mexican migrant for cheap labor in agriculture and Puerto Ricans were recruited through the federal program (Grosfoguel,1999) after the war there were low wage jobs and a greater majority of 1940s to 1950s of Caribbean immigrant who were recruited were Puerto Ricans In post war expansion of manufacturing and services (Grosfoguel,1999). The class composition of immigrant of 1950s was those were educated or skilled workers since they could afford visa and journey payment (Grosfoguel, 1999). However after 1950s fare and visa processing fee dropped and Puerto Ricans from low income sector many of them from rural areas could afford to immigrate to United State, but come to 1980s more than 20,000 Puerto Ricans immigrants to United State reflected all social classes (Grosfoguel, 1999). Puerto Ricans immigrants have encountered a passive acceptance by government and negative acceptance from public opinion (Grosfoguel, 1999). Social conditions of Puerto Ricans in United State have continued to deteriorate, and they experience some of worst social economic condition in United State. According to Grosfoguel (1999) currently only 14 percent of Puerto Ricans are in are in manufacturing and more than 50 percent are either unemployed or out of the labor force. El Salvador from Central America El Salvador underwent prolonged bloody civil wars around 1970s, during this civil strife Salvadorians who were wealthy fled for their lives, intellectuals and professionals also fled away while middle class fled with the aim of establishing businesses in other nation (Lipski, 2000). Most of Salvadorans ended up in United State though some of them have been deported back home or returned voluntarily after the end of violence many of Salvadorians still reside in United State. Salvadorians presence has been felt in United State in the political spectrum and in various revolutionary movements (Lipski, 2000). Despite the fact that Salvadorian migration in United State has decreased, a small number continue to find their way into United State. Salvadorans have lower education level though it is in continuous improvement, where most of them have median annual personal earning and share of Salvadorians who are poor is reflected by 14.6 percent (Lipski, 2000). Conclusion Latino today in united state form the largest group of minority i.e. over 47 million Latino; 15.4 percent of the total population (Lipski,2000). However, there are different groups reflecting various statuses the fact remain that they are in united state to stay. It true their education and social need are not destitute compared to earlier moment of violence and desperation but it is time for their voice to be heard considering their contribution to agriculture and manufacturing and the whole economy of united state (Lipski, 2000). References Lipski, J. M. (2000)New immigrants in the United State: reading for second language educator Retrieved March 11, 2013 from Grosfoguel, R. (1999). Puerto Ricans in the USA: a comparative approach. Retrieved on March 11, 2013 from Guarnizo, L .E., Sá nchez, A and Roach, E. (1999) Mistrust, fragmented solidarity, and transnational migration. Retrieved on March 11, 2013 from Ornelas, M. R. (1999). Beyond 1848: reading in modern chicano historical experience. Retrieved on March 11, 2013 from . Read More