Absolute Sovereignty - Essay Example

?Global issues Absolute sovereignty Absolute sovereignty implies that a has critical law - making power over a given region. No foreign power, corporations, non-governmental organization or international organization can determine the undertakings of a nation. A nation controls the form and charisma of its own administration, without interference from outside. Democratic republics of infinite constitutional monarchies, varieties, one-party states, neo-Confucian dynasties and Islamic states are just some of political government forms that can exist (Love, 2010). The absolute sovereignty exemplary is not state centric but nation centric, for the real size of the state remains to be a domestic problem. The mix of public and private scopes, and between domestic and international trade, stay determined with more justice and efficiency when they get determined at national level, without interference from outside. As a dynamic model, absolute sovereignty generates stronger relationships between nations and their own peoples – whatsoever form that picks. The model terminates top and down globalization, organizational infringements of sovereignty and foreign military interventions (Romaine, 2002). For states to withstand, they must re - engross with their only true population: domestic citizens. The United States, United Kingdom, France with other European nations preach about “freedom,” but candid freedom begins, as “freedom from coercion, foreign pressure, or occupations, whether political, financial or military. Only with “freedom from” interference from foreign forces can a nation involve in “freedom to” develop independent political forms, based on political culture and local conditions (Smith, 2005). (2) Effects of transnational organized crime on state sovereignty The new situation of organized crime enables people to differentiate certain facts, which imply considerable challenges to the governance of sovereign states. However, it should be remembered that transnational organized crimes remain not colossal, but rather a diversified, compound and multidimensional phenomenon where partnership between groups is more common than confrontation. It has different displays in specific countries and stays perceived differently throughout space and time. It does not function homogeneously nor does it have a perpetual degree of impact on people, state agencies and non governmental bodies throughout the world (Albanese, 2003). The first impact of organized crime relates to sovereignty, an old concept that continues to dominate the domain of relations between different states. States stay separated by borders, which not only apportion each state physically but also mark different legal systems, politics, cultures and levels of economic development (U.N, 2004). Eroded against this remain the criminal organizations which, as a result of their transnational and illegal nature, ignore the sovereignty of the victim states and have no reverence for borders as much as their illegal businesses. Their plans for development are not apprehensive with the idea of state jurisdiction but on the tide of trustworthy goods and people who provide earnings. If they think of state borders, this stands always in terms of either their specific markets with prospects for illegal earnings and specific criminal law systems of differing levels of risks, or the confusing of the trails of illegal activities through the international partition of work (Dougan, 2007). (3) Regulation of immigration Migration refers to the relocation of people from one state to another legally or illegally for a long of lifetime duration. Since human beings have wandered in search of food and better living standards, they have migrated from place to place around the world. However, global migration is a relatively new development.it is only in early 20th century that the system of nation-states, visas and passports developed to regulate the movement of citizens across borders (Somerville, 2007). Global migration is the exemption, not the rule. Majority of people do not want to regress from friends and family. Furthermore, governments try to control border crossings. Nevertheless, global migration is likely to rise in the coming years because of persistent economic and demographic inequalities, and also due to many advances in transportation and communications facilitate mobility. Borders regulations thrived over the last century, occasionally placing administrative and legal boundaries between friends, extended families, and trading partners. There were 193 generally acknowledged nations in 2000, four times more than in 1900. Each nation - state distinguishes foreigners and citizens; uses border controls to review those seeking entry; regulates what foreigners can do or own while inside the nation, whether they are tourists, guest workers, students or immigrants (Weil, 2006). Most countries depress immigration—they do not comfy the arrival of foreigners wishing to settle and become adapted citizens. Some also depress emigration. This was the condition in communist nations as indicated by the Berlin Wall, used to deter crossing from West to East Germany from 1961 to 1989. Today, North Korea remains preventing its citizens from migrating from the country. The first step on making migration manageable is to understand why people migrate. Majority of people do not migrate, and even though numbers of migrants stay at an all - time inflation, global migration is still low in relation to the 97% of the world’s citizens who never migrated. Furthermore, economic growth can change emigration nations into endpoints for migrants, as it happened in Ireland, Korea and Italy. The challenge is to cope with migration by sinking the differences that encourage citizens to cross borders, while considering how investment, aid and remittances can encourage economic development and decrease migration pressures in the nations that migrants leave (Somerville, 2007). (4) HIV / AIDS as a global security issue It remains appraised that, at the contemporary rates, over 100 million people worldwide had suffered HIV / AIDS by 2005 December. Where the epidemic has smashed hardest, Sub-Saharan Africa, professionals believe that AIDS will ultimately kill one out of four adults. 7 countries already have adult frequency rates above 20 % of the total population (Sharona, 2010). ICG and UN got founded to help avoid and end conflicts in and between member states. Nevertheless, when it reaches epidemic extents, HIV/AIDS can be so inescapable that it destroys every fiber that constitutes a nation: people, families and communities; political and economic institutions; police and military forces. It stands probable then to have wider security consequences, for the nations under assault and their trading partners, neighbors, and allies. HIV/AIDS does not itself lead to wars (Sheehan , 2008). However, it is a security concern in all the following discussed steps and ways: AIDS as an individual security issue - As 5 to 20 % or more adults become fatally ill, longevity, infant mortality and gains in health become wiped out. Food supply and agricultural production become tenuous; communities and families break apart; surviving undeveloped states cease to have a feasible future. Divisions among social and ethnic groups may be aggravated. Economic migration and refugee rates amplify. AIDS as an economic security issue - AIDS threatens economic and social progress; worsening trends that strongly contribute to the potential for humanitarian catastrophe and violent conflict. A World Bank study recommends that even adults prevalence rate of 10% may reduce the development of national income by even a third. At infection rates above 20%, studies show that a nation may expect a GDP decline of 1% per year (sharona 34). AIDS as a communal security issue - it directly affects police competence and community stability more often. It breaks down state institutions that govern the society and provide public assurance that the people's interests stay served. It strikes stiffest at the mobile and educated such as civil servants, teachers, and police and health care professionals. In South Africa, 1 in 7 civil servants stood supposed to be HIV-positive. AIDS stands as an international security issue both by its latent to give to international security encounters, and by its aptitude to undermine international ability to resolve clashes. A military analyst of South Africa Institute of Strategic Studies warned that unless the prevalence of AIDS among African military get managed soon, it is possible that numerous countries, including South Africa, soon will be unable to contribute in peacekeeping operations. Combination of all the above issues contributes to global security concern on HIV / AIDS. With increased global attention to the issue, and infections in numerous countries rising ultra fast but not yet uncontrollable, this is an opportunity that the global community to mutually come up with strategies of curbing the disease. Donor and recipient states and the business community have a significant stake on this concern (Sheehan, 2008). (5) Poverty Poverty may be described as a situation where individual’s basic needs for clothing, shelter and food remain not encountered. Poverty is generally of 2 types: (1) Absolute poverty is identical with destitution and happens when people cannot obtain sufficient resources (assessed in terms of nutrition or calories) to support with the lowest level of physical health (U.N, 2010). This poverty means almost the same everywhere, and may be eradicated as revealed by some countries. (2) Relative poverty happens when people do not appreciate a definite minimum living standards level as determined by a government (then enjoyed by the whole population). It varies from country to country, at times within the same nation. Relative poverty occurs universally, exists said to be accumulative, and could never be eradicated (Dixon, 2011). Many countries use different strategies in eradicating absolute poverty depending on their economic ability, recourses available, geographical and climatic conditions political and traditional status. However, the fundamental approach of eradicating is by first creating food security and implementation of proper education. Developed countries should play a part in uplifting the less fortunate ones in the globe by offering loans and free grants, whether financial or professional (Hise, 2006). (6) Food security and agriculture In order to feed a 9 billion population in 2050, the world needs a New Vision on Agriculture - delivering food security, economic opportunity and environmental sustainability through agriculture. This requires producing more food with little resources while reinvigorating rural economies. Food security can only be attained through collaboration, innovation and investment by the global stakeholders. Several countries now undertake ambitious efforts to attain the New Vision by a transformation of their agriculture sectors, among other activities like engaging in public-private partnership and market-based approaches (Lobell, 2009). Over the past 3 years, economic crises, these remains deemed to be a result of food insecurity and have highlighted both the potential and the urgent need for developing effective agricultural systems. Nearly a billion people out of 6 billion lack access to sufficient nutrition and food. By 2050, the global populace will exceed 9 billion people, and requirement for agricultural products stands anticipated to double. At the same moment, the world’s agricultural systems ought to be progressively challenged by water scarcity, volatility and climate change raising the risks of production deficits (Donald, 2011). Substantial gains in agricultural production can be realized through innovation, policy investment, and other developments. However, realizing these achievements will require an outstanding level of collaboration among shareholders in the agricultural value sequence, including governments, companies, civil-society and multilateral organizations, farmers, entrepreneurs and consumers. Stakeholder alignment around shared large-scale initiatives and priorities is hence crucial for success attainment. References Albanese, J. (2003). Transnational Crime. London: Oxford University Press. Bentley, T. (2003). People Flow: Managing Migration in a New European Commonwealth. London: Demos. Dixon, J. (2011). Poverty: A Persistent Global Reality. London: Routledge. (Dixon, 2011) Donald, L. (2011). Food Security. Carolina: Polity. Dougan, P. (2007) Transnational Crimes: A Doctrinal and Jurisprudential Analysis. Edward Elgar Pub. Hise, J. (2006). Poverty Eradication: Is it a Priority? New york: Inter action. Lobell, D. (2009). Climate Change and Food Security: Adapting Agriculture to a Warmer World. New York: Springer. Love, M. (2010). Beyond Sovereignty: Issues for a Global Agenda. Nairobi: Cengage Learning. Romaine, B.(2002). State sovereignty: and dissolution of the Union. London: J. Kennaday, Printer. Sharona, P. (2010). AIDS: The Threat to World Security. New York: DIANE. Sheehan, C. C. (2008). Securitizing the HIV/AIDS Pandemic in U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington: ProQuest. Smith, J.(2005). State sovereignty. Gale Cengage Learning. Somerville, W. (2007). Immigration Under New Labour. New York: The Policy Press. U.N. (2010). Globalization of Crime, The: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. U.N. (2004). Poverty Reduction and Good Governance. Weber, C. (1996). State Sovereignty As Social Construct. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Weil, Patrick. Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation. Lexington : Books, 2006. Williams, George. Food security and agricultural development. Indiana : Indiana University, 2009. Read More