The Relationship between Diabetes Mellitus and 30-Day Readmission Rates by Ostling et al - Article Example

Theoretical framework

The research project is on the relationship thirty-day readmission rates and diabetes mellitus. The disease has been a burden in the United States. It is also estimated that nine point three percent of its population has diabetes mellitus (Stephanie et al., 2017). Diabetes causes complications such as renal failure, stroke, heart diseases and many others. The complications caused by diabetes mellitus and its high prevalence make it a common morbidity on patients who are hospitalized (Sen and Chakraborty, 2016). The problem leads to frequent hospital admissions to conduct interventions and procedures on patients. These patients are thought to have longer stays on hospitals and raised hospital mortality and complications. Reduction of hospital readmissions has been a very critical policy and clinical priority over the last years (Miller, 2013)

To face the issue, the health care systems and government agencies has focused on thirty day readmission rates for DM patients so as to enhance quality and also to determine the patient’s population complexity. The Centers for Medicare services (CMS) have claimed that thirty days readmission measures the quality of the healthcare. It also puts on emphasizes on a strategy of reduction, to reduce healthcare costs while also maintaining quality. In the year two thousand and twelve in October, the CMS launched a patient’s affordable act under the hospital readmission reduction program (Rubin, 2014).

This program approves hospital compensation through criteria of readmission measures such as pneumonia, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction and total knee or hip arthroplasty. Hospitals with excess readmissions are normally penalized. Patients with DM direct medical costs were one hundred and seventy six billion in the year twenty twelve. It is also estimated that the U.S spend almost two hundred and eighteen billion every year for direct health in DM patients. These expenses are much higher as compared to patients without DM (Ozeah et al., 2011).

Over the last years, several hospitals have created DM teams for the treatment of these patients, but very few have reported on the percentage and what group of the DM patients benefit from the teams.

Conceptual frame work.

The Donabedian quality health care model has been used for conceptual framework to assess the relationship between the thirty-day rates of readmission and diabetes mellitus. His theory focuses on the improvement in the care structure, and should lead to the improvement of the patient outcome (Donabedian, 1997). To evaluate the readmission rates in this study of patients with DM, two sets of data were collected. A one-year dataset preceded by a three-month pilot data was collected. Rate of readmission in patients with either secondary or primary DM diagnosis was evaluated. Evaluation was done so as to determine if between the groups there were different causes. Also, evaluation was done for the characteristic patients who were under readmission and how many were cared for by the DM services (Stephanie et al., 2017).

From the literature obtained after the experiment, patients with either secondary or primary DM, diagnosis were more likely to be seen within the thirty days of discharge, as compared to patients without DM. patients with secondary, primary or no know DM diagnosis had rates of twenty six, forty one, and twenty three percent respectively. In the pilot study, patients with diagnosis of DM required insulin and around two-thirds had a renal disease. In secondary diagnosed patients with DM, infections were the leading cause of readmission (Stephanie et al., 2017). Secondary and primary diagnosis of DM patients had higher readmission rates than the patients without DM. Readmission rates valid; those with admitting diagnosis had more readmissions with issues related to diabetes, while secondary admitting diagnosis of DM had more infection-related readmissions. A very small proportion utilized the DM services. It may have been contributed by the lower ED revisits in providing the most suitable diabetes management (Stephanie et al., 2017).

The study yielded same results with a study in University of Michigan. Two studies were conducted using different databases. In the first study, the rate of readmission was twenty six percent in diabetic patients while there was a twenty two percent rate in diabetes free patients. The commonest cause for readmission was in diabetic patients with a diagnosis of diabetes. The commonest cause of readmission with patients with a secondary diabetes diagnosis was infection-related (Britt, 2017).

The protection of human rights.

Promotion and protection of human rights is an universal request to and groups, individual, countries, non-governmental, international and other stake holders goals. The freedom and basic rights in developed countries are laid down in the supreme legal rules and also international treaties. The importance of regulation of human rights in law is to make sure that the rights are respected by the government, private and public bodies (Shelton, 2014).

Human rights have significantly been elevated and are now more advanced as USAID’s foundational part of programming and development analysis. The 2013 USAID democracy for human rights works into two streams. First, it aids in declaring access to basic services for everybody and also stopping discrimination which may prevent people accessing those services. Secondly, it also involves in advancing political and civil rights especially in closed spaces via DRG sector programming. Discrimination undermines sensitive public health campaigns. The success to stop the spread of an infectious disease depends on the capacity to the vulnerable groups (USAID, 2017; Samuel et al., 2013).

In Britain, human rights are normally protected by the Human Rights Act 1998. An individual in the U.K for any reason regardless of immigration or citizenship status is protected by this act. The freedom and the rights covered by the act were carved out in the Human Rights European Convection. The rights protected by this act include; liberty, freedom from slavery and life. All the public authorities must comply with the human right act. Some human rights for example right not to be tortured are absolute. The absolute rights should never been tempered with in any way (Wadham, 2007).

The human right to health means that everybody has the right to the best achievable standards of mental and physical health. This includes access to sanitation, decent housing adequate food and all medical services. Health human rights assure a health system protection for all. The right to health care means that clinics’, doctors’ or hospitals’ services must be of good quality, available and accessible for all (Zing et al., 2013).