The Pathological Changes in Diabetes Mellitus Type Two - Assignment Example

Describe how the pathological changes in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 relate to the clinical manifestations of the disorder. Student’s name: Institution: Date: Introduction The type 2 diabetes is often characterized by a plethora of dysfunction accompanied by hyperglycemia, inadequate secretion of insulin, excessive glucagon secretion and the body’s resistance to insulin. These are then preceded by a series of pathological changes that transform the looks of the patients as well as their lifestyles. One fact about diabetes mellitus type 2 is that its prevalence increases with the degree of increase in obesityi. Medical practitioners have cited obesity as one of the primary causes of the disorder. The past few decades have mostly witnessed the constant rising cases of type 2 diabetes. The disease creeps in slowly as one starts developing a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the changing trends of feeding habits. Furthermore, the type 2 diabetes mellitus comes with other chronic conditions, which include high serum-low-density-lipoprotein, hypertension, high-density-lipoprotein hence increase in cardiovascular risks. These collections of clinical conditions are known as metabolic syndrome. Hyperinsulinemia then occurs to react to the insulin resistance and such may play a major role in the genesis of abnormalities. The symptoms in this case are frequent urination, constant hunger, and thirst. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is always associated with a number of distinct causative measures; some are within a personal control while others are entirely out of an individual’s control. Moreover, obesity has always been cited to be the leading cause of diabetes type 2 among people that are genetically predisposed to the disease. Relatively, the type 2 diabetes has a number of clinical manifestation most of which include weight increase, blurred vision, skin infections, paresthesias and fatigue among othersii. Majorly, these basic symptoms often make people seek medical attention. During clinical diagnosis, the doctors often look for the presence of chronic infections, Paresthesias, growth of yeast microorganisms, Pruritus and vulvovaginitis in womeniii. The pathology of diabetes mellitus type 2 mainly points out to obesity and resistance to insulin. Other pathological changes in this case include increase in blood sugar levels, constant hunger and thirsts, and frequent urination among othersiv. Most of these pathological changes are clinically manifested and can be used to establish the presence and the extent of the disease infection. This study, therefore, aims at focusing on the pathological changes of the type 2 diabetes mellitus vis a vis their respective clinical manifestations. The study will take into account several journals as well as books that will significantly contribute to the subject matter. Relationship between pathological changes and clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus 2 Type 2 diabetes brings a number of changes in the body functioning and such are later on manifested on the outside of the body. Some of the ways through these changes are manifested include the following: Constant thirst: this is often linked to a condition known as co-morbidity, which is among the earliest signs of diabetes. This condition is often manifested clinically through dryness of the mouth, also known as “Cotton mouth.” This thirst often increases gradually without the patient’s knowledge until a level that it causes major dehydration in the body. When glucose gets hyper concentrated in the blood, the kidney loses the ability to pull out excess glucose from water. Under normal conditions, the glucose is usually pulled out of blood through urine; however, since the body is unable to uptake glucose from water in the kidneys, there is a buildup of osmotic pressure. The pressure gets high to the extent that the water cannot be absorbed back into the bloodstream, instead it is taken out. The person will, therefore, get thirsty to give the body sufficient waterv. This condition if prolonged may result into consequences that may take the form of nausea, dizziness, headaches and fainting. Frequent urination: this clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus is mainly brought about by increase in the levels of blood sugar. Due to this increase, the blood osmolality level increases hence pulling water out of the body tissues. As a result, the kidneys receive a lot of urine load and makes the body release it through urination. In extreme cases, the patient always develops fatigue, dizziness and headachesvi. Constant hunger: this is the manifestation that comes because of the body’s resistance to insulin. Such people may eat but as soon as the insulin levels in the blood go down, they begin feeling extremely hungry. Resistance to insulin results to low blood sugar levels, as a result, the body demands consumption of extra food to boost the blood sugar levels, during this process the patient may feel extremely hungry. This also links the disorder to a condition known as obesity. Obesity develops since the victims eat excess and the body stores extra foods in the form of fatsvii. Slow healing of wounds: this clinical manifestation is caused by a number of factors within the body of a diabetic patient. One of the primary reasons for the occurrence of this is the poor blood movement around the body of the patient. The blood sugar levels may not permit sufficient flow of blood to the designated body parts; therefore, the wound may take longer than anticipated. In addition, the diabetes causes the body immune system to become weak. The high blood sugar levels cause the immune system to get inactive, in the process; wounds can take longer without healing. The poor immune system also makes the individual vulnerable to infections; as a result, the body may not be well positioned to resist such infections. Itching and skin infections: the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus causes the body’s immunity to be low and functions less. Due to this, the body gets exposed to infections that may develop in any part of the body. The resulting infection causes wounds, which may keep recurring at all timesviii. Relatively, the itchiness on the skin is caused by dehydration of the body. When the body gets dehydrated, the outer skin becomes dry and begins to pi8ll off, in the process; there is the exposure of delicate tissues that cause the itching effects. Blurred vision: when the sugar levels in blood increases, the eye lens normally swell therefore causes the patient to have blurred vision. To restore back the sight, one needs to work on the blood sugar levels to reduce the swelling of the eye lens. This will significantly prevent the problem from recurring. It is common among the patients hat suffer from type 2 diabetes. In other times, this condition can be confused with increased age a factor that may equally lead to blurred vision. Cataracts are also associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, and most diabetic patients develop this disease. Cataract refers to fogging or clouding that normally forms on the eye lens. It is through the lens that the eyes can focus and see; formation of these cataracts often results to blurred visionix. Similarly, most of these cataracts often form among the diabetics at an earlier age. This is due to the lowered ability of the body to resist infections that attack from outside. Mood swings: this is also very common among diabetic type 2 patients. Most people do not willingly wish to accept their conditions and as a result, they have continuous mood swings. The problem of having to change their eating habits and other lifestyles makes them develop constant fears about their livesx. At the same time, most people suffering from diabetes type 2 are often faced with the challenge of isolation. This makes them feel different from the rest therefore causing them trauma; constant generation of these thoughts develops mood swings. Besides, other pathological changes such as obesity are often manifested by increase in body weight. The diabetes patients tend to eat excess and as a result, the body stores a lot of foods. The main causes of excessive eating are constant hunger that these people develop; due to body’s rejection of insulin, the blood sugar levels reduce therefore causing the victim to constantly feel hungry. Conclusion The pathological changes in diabetes mellitus type 2 relate to the clinical manifestation of the disorder in a various ways; among these are the projections of the inner symptoms that occur after the disease has reached its peak levels. Most of these pathological changes in diabetes mellitus often occur concurrently with the existing symptoms of the disease with one change leading to the other. The entire process creates a vicious circle. Certain manifestations such as constant hunger, constant thirst, and frequent urination, slow wound healing and itching of the skin surface are just among the ways through which clinicians can tell the presence of diabetes mellitus type 2xi. The greatest fear about the type 2 diabetes is that it occurs in a manner through which the victim may never be aware of its existence. Other clinicians may attribute certain changes to age while others may attribute the pathological changes to environment and genetic factors, but it is paramount to know that the diabetes mellitus type 2 relates directly to the clinical manifestations that are observable. A number of issues have, however, made it very difficult to understand the pathology of diabetes mellitus type 2. In most cases, patients are found with a mixture of varying levels of insulin resistance and deficiency; and there is likelihood that both of these leads to type 2 diabetes. Nonetheless, some of the clinical features of diabetes mellitus type 2 can arise due to genetic as well as environmental influences, therefore, making it difficult to establish the exact causative agent in an individual. In other instances, the hyperglycemia can weaken the pancreatic beta cell functioning and then intensify the body’s resistance to insulinxii. This in the end leads to vicious progression of hyperglycemia, which then worsens the patient’s metabolic rate. References Adams, J., 2009., Type 2 diabetes: your healthy living guide : tips, techniques, and practical advice for living well with diabetes (4th ed.). Alexandria, Va.: American Diabetes Association. American Diabetes Association complete guide to diabetes (4th ed.). ,2007., New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books. Feinglos, M. N., & Bethel, M. A., 2008., Type 2 diabetes mellitus an evidence-based approach to practical management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. Gadsby, R., 2012., The 10-minute consultation type 2 diabetes mellitus (2nd ed.). London: Cedilla Pub.. Garber, A. J., 2009., Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.. Hawley, J. A., & Zierath, J. R., 2008, Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Kayn, F., 2013, Screening for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. 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