Reduction of Cardiovascular Diseases and Breast Cancer - Research Proposal Example

Title: Investigating the effect of restricted energy diet on waist line circumference and concentrations of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and breast cancer Deakin University username Student name Student Number Enrolled Campus Date of Submission Table of Contents A.Abstract 3 B.Discussion 4 C.Conclusion 8 D.References 8 E.Research Translation 9 A. Abstract Background: It has been observed that there are high cases of cardiovascular diseases among overweight women during their post-menopause periods. This condition has also resulted into high deaths among women in their early 50s. This condition is mainly prevalent in America where at least 1 out of ten deaths of women in their early 50s have been caused by CVD infections Aim of the Study: The focus of this study is to determine the effectiveness of energy restricted diet on waist line and the incidence of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases among women in their post-menopausal periods. Method: This study involves an investigation of 680 women with the aim of finding the effect of intervention such as restricting the amount of energy in the diet. This assists in determining the impact of reducing fat consumption. A number of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases are also measured and the impact of implementing the intervention measures is determined. Results: It is found that there is a considerable reduction in waist circumference among women who had taken a restricted energy diet. It is also found that there is a high reduction in biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer among the women subjected to restricted energy diet. It is also found that there are high reduction in concentration of biomarkers for breast cancer such as IGF,IL-6 and VEGF to a level that is almost similar to that of the control group. In determining CVD risk, the study of OGTT and APOA resulted into an observation of improvement while there was a reduction in the amounts of fatty acids, CETP and insulin levels. Conclusion: Based on the results from this study, it is concluded that overweight is a contributing factor for breast cancer and CVD among post menopause women. B. Discussion There is a high correlation between increase in rates of cardiovascular diseases and pot-menopausal stage among women. It has been observed that the total number of deaths every year in Australia as a result of cardiovascular diseases is approximately 400000. When women are in their menopause periods, they are more likely to suffer from heart diseases because they do not have certain hormones that improve their activity (4). Thus any amount of energy food consumed contributes significantly towards the possibility of becoming overweight and suffering from obesity. They are also susceptible to conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and development of stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of restricted diet on reduction of waist circumference in addition to measurements of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and breast cancer risks. The process of collecting blood samples was done in heparinized tubes while other measures that were regarded vital for the study were determined and measured. It was found that the overweight group experienced a high reduction in their weight circumference when they were subjected to 18-month energy-restricted weight loss diet. The measurements of concentrations of various biomarkers for CVD among the experimental group i.e the group that was subjected to controlled amount of energy intake; it was found that there was a corresponding increase in Oral Glucose tolerance Test (OGTT), a corresponding reduction in Insulin concentration, a reduction in Cholesteryl ester Transfer Protein (CETP) also a corresponding reduction in fatty acids. This implies that foods rich in energy are good contributing factors towards high amount s of CETP activity, high insulin concentration and low Oral glucose Tolearnc Test (OGTT). It was alsofound that there was a reduction in the amounts of ApoB and cortisol while there was an increase in the amount of ApoA1. This implies that the risks of tissue concentrations of biomarkers that are indicative of CVD risks can be reduced by reducing the amounts of fatty acids, ApoB and cortisol while increasing the amounts of ApoA1. The p-values of the biomarkers were found to be considerably different (i.e. a p value less than 0.05). The OGTT also shows that people who are overweight can be made to have high OGTT by subjecting them to controlled amount f energy intake. Insulin resistance refers to the ability of the body to control the quantity of insulin concentrations (6). There is a high relationship between insulin resistance and diabetes that is a contributing factor for obesity. In this experiment, Insulin-like Growth factor (IGF-1) reduced in the post intervention experiment to a value of 170 from a value of 430 in the pre-intervention stage. It has been found that post menopausal women have low concentrations of this factor. This has resulted into their susceptibility to breast cancer. Studies are underway to determine ways of reducing IGF in Australia where the effects of this factor has resulted into cases of breast cancer to 1.3% of women in their post-menopausal stage. The value of insulin growth factor IL-6 in pg/ml was also determined and it was found that its value in the post-intervention stage was 0.71 in comparison to 0.89 during the pre-intervention stage. This refers to an archetypal cytokine mainly produced by cells that are located in the breast tumor environment (8). There has not been any substantial evidence to indicate the relationship between IL-6 and breast cancer. On the other hand, it has been associated with survival of breast cancer patients. According to the results from this assessment, it is found that there are higher levels in the pre-intervention condition while during the post-intervention period there was high reduction in cases of breast cancer. The measurement of insulin growth factor CRP in µg/ml was found to be 1.00 in the post-intervention period and 1.115 in the pre-intervention period. There is no relationship between this factor and breast cancer. In a study conducted by Hunt (2), it was found that the highest hazards ratios were 0.90% confidence ratios while in the post-menopausal period, it was found that women who had normal concentrations of CRP in the post-menopausal periods had high chances of developing cancer. In the measurement of TNF-α in pg/ml, it was found that its value was 1.05 in the post-intervention period compared to its value of 1.21 in the pre-intervention period and 1.06 in the control group. The value of PAI-1 was also measured and it was found to be 3.15ng/ml in the post-experiment group, 3.44 in the pre-experiment group and 3.21 in the control group. This value indicates that the lower the amounts of energy foods, the lower the level of this insulin factor in blood. The other insulin factor whose value was obtained is VEGF in pg/ml and it was found that its value was 70 in the post-experiment group, 100 in the pre-experiment group and 62.2 in the control group. These values show that the value of VEGF was high among individuals who were like to be overweight compared to those who were not overweight. The other insulin contributing factor that was measured was Leptin in ng/ml. This is a mediating factor for obesity and serves the purpose of regulating endothelial cell proliferation as well as enhancing angiogenesis (9). There is a relationship between this factor and high resistance to glucose and effectiveness of skeletal muscles. Another insulin contributing factor that was measured is Adiponectin in µg/ml. There is a negative relationship between resistance to insulin and concentration of this factor. Mantzoros (6) argued that prevention of insulin resistance is not a factor to consider when impacts of systematic estrogen resistance are being studied because menopausal women still have the ability to develop the signs of menopause. Finally, the other factor that was measured among the three groups is Resistin in ng/ml. It was found that the value of this factor was 3.00 in the post-experimental group, 3.50 in the pre-experimental group and 2996 in the control group. The corresponding p-value to this group was found to be 0.06. These findings show that those who are overweight are moos likely to have high amounts of Resistsin in their insulin. These findings have shown that the use of energy foods contributes to a number of insulin growth factors that have an impact on the weight of an individual. However, it is observed that individuals who are overweight are those who have a lot of carbohydrates that are converted into fats. The role of insulin can be explained to be less effective in individuals who are overweight. This is because there is a usually high amount of sugars in their bodies and the insulin available cannot control the sugars in their bodies. Thus, there is the need for people who are overweight to ensure they seek medications that stabilize the functions of insulin and facilitate reduction of their weights. The use of control group in this experiments ensured the experiment was targeted towards achieving certain goals. By comparing the results of the post experiment with those of the pre-experiment and those of the control group, it was possible to know whether overweight can be reduced by either increasing some insulin growth hormones or reducing the. This can be applied by medical professionals involved in treatment of overweight among individuals. C. Conclusion This study shows that when insulin growth factors are compared among the control group, pre-experimental group and the experimental group, it is possible to come up with a recommendation that can be useful for medical practitioners when they need to treat individuals suffering from overweight. By assessing insulin growth factors in the control group, pre-experimental group and the post-experimental groups, it is possible to come up with a medical recommendation that can be useful in controlling overweight. Individuals who suffer from such conditions are thus able to get the medical attention required to treat the complications they are undergoing. D. References 1. Bagchi, Debasis, and Nair Sreejayan. Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Academic Press, 2012. Internet resource. 2. Controlling Your Future: Six Steps to a Better Life. Authorhouse, 2009: 7:112-115. 3. Hunt, William A. Learning Mechanisms in Smoking. New Brunswick, [N.J.: AldineTransaction, 2007:6:654-674. 4. Isaacs, Scott. The Leptin Boost Diet: Unleashing Your Fat-Controlling Hormones for Maximum Weight Loss. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 2007:1: 212-215. 5. Mahan, L K, Sylvia Escott-Stump, Janice L. Raymond, and Marie V. Krause. Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care Process. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders, 2012. Print. 6. Mantzoros, Christos S. Nutrition and Metabolism: Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences. Totowa, N.J.: Humana, 2009. Internet resource. 7. March, Susan B. Making Weight Control Second Nature: Living Thin Naturally. Austin, TX: Mansion Grove House, 2009:5:67-69. 8. Matthews, David. Diabetes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. 9. Nonas, Cathy, and Gary D. Foster. Managing Obesity: A Clinical Guide. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2009. Print. 10. Östman, Jan, M Britton, and Egon Jonsson. Treating and Preventing Obesity. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004. Internet resource. 11. Rippe, James M. Weight Loss That Lasts: Break Through the 10 Big Diet Myths. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Internet resource. 12. Roitman, Jeffrey L, and Thomas P. LaFontaine. The Exercise Professional's Guide to Optimizing Health: Strategies for Preventing and Reducing Chronic Disease. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. Print. 13. Saylor, Carrie P. Weight Loss, Exercise, and Health Research. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006. Print. 14. Webb, Frances S, and Eleanor N. Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Australia: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2006:5: 342-346. 15. Wolf, Gunter. Obesity and the Kidney: 12 Tables. Basel: Karger, 2006. Print. E. Research Translation According to the results from this analysis, overweight can be controlled by controlling insulin growth factors or altering them in a manner that a suitable amount of energy foods are stored in the body. The results of this study show that scientists are able to accomplish this task by ensuring certain types of insulin growth factors are either controlled or increased to attain the right amount of insulin in blood. The main finding of this research that can be useful for weight reduction specialists is to determine the types of insulin growth factors that should be reduced to control overweight and also determine the insulin growth factors that should be increased to control overweight. This will ensure there is the right amount of insulin in an individual’s body and it will be possible to control the amount of sugar in the body to the reasonable level (Dalton-735). This study recommends that in order to control the weight of individual who are already overweight, the main insulin growth factors whose concentrations should be reduced include IGF-1for individuals whose concentration of this factor is higher than 148ng/ml, IL-6 should also b reduced for those whose values are higher than 0.70. Health practitioners involved in overweight reduction must also ensure that the level of CRP growth factor is maintained below or at a concentration of 0.98 (5). Any concentration above this value needs to be regulated by taking the right regulatory measures. The other factor that should be regulated is TNF-α, that should be marinated at a concentration of 1.06 to ensure its impact does not result into overweight in individuals. The factor of PAI-1 should be maintained at a value of 3.21 and any concentration above this value should be regulated by reducing its concentration to the right level. Furthermore, the concentration of VEGF should be maintained at 62.5 pg/ml and any value above this level should be regarded as a factor that can contribute to overweight. Thus it should be reduced to the right concentration. Other factors whose concentrations should be reduced include maintaining the concentrations of Leptin at 3.35, that of Adiponectin at 2.32 µg/ml while Resistsin should be maintained at a value equal to or less than 2.96ng/ml. By maintaining the concentrations of these factors to the recommended levels, health professionals will stand a high chance of controlling overweight among individuals and the problems brought by obesity will be considerably reduced (7). Generally, individuals who are overweight are likely to have high concentrations of insulin growth factors in their bodies (8). Thus it is important to ensure these factors are maintained at a particular concentration to ensure overweight is controlled by having insulin that can assist in controlling the amounts of energy foods in blood. Read More