Parental Home Smoking - Annotated Bibliography Example

Annotated Bibliography Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Chen YT1, Chen PL.(2013). Perceptions of Parental Smoking and Socio demographic Factors Associated With the Adoption of Home Smoking Bans Among Parents of School-Aged Children. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:819 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-819 Children are still vulnerable to secondary smoking at home even though public smoking restrictions have been implemented. Parental smoking remains the foremost source of secondary smoking for children. This research was conducted to investigate the reasons connected with parents' espousal of home smoking bans. The authors used a cross-sectional study whereby they used a self-administered questionnaire in order to obtain data from 768 parents of school-aged children in Taiwan. Smoking at home restrictions status, parents' insights of smoking in the presence of children and its effects, and parents' socio-demographic characteristics were evaluated. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was employed to determine a better model. The authors found out that more than 80% of the parents accepted home smoking bans, while only approximately 26% of the parents in reality constrained themselves from smoking at home entirely. These bizarre ratios indicated that parents who professed the impact of parental smoking on children to be deleterious were more likely to accept home smoking bans. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed dynamics associated with the acceptance of home smoking bans. This includes an advanced education level and old age of parents, a household comprising of nonparent grown-ups, and a resistance to parental smoking in the company of children. The health of children is an essential factor for parents to consider home smoking restrictions. The author concluded that it is important to help parents clarify misapprehensions concerning parental smoking, highlighting the adverse impact of parental smoking to children, proposing healthy alternatives for smoking, and presenting operative approaches for preserving a smoke-free home can persuade households to approve home smoking bans. Hancock HC1, Close H, Fuat A, Murphy JJ, Hungin AP, Mason JM. (2014). Barriers to Accurate Diagnosis and Effective Management of Heart Failure have not Changed in the past 10 years: A Qualitative Study and National Survey. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003866 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003866 The authors sought to examine the changes in healthcare professionals' observations about the diagnosis of heart failure since the beginning of the millennium. The authors found out that Focus Groups Discussions and an online cross-sectional survey conducted nationally very useful for their research. Focus Groups Discussion comprised of 56 participants and they were conducted in the North East of England by means of a phenomenological frame and purposive sampling. The online survey comprised of 514 participants. Four categories were identified as contributing to variations in the diagnosis of heart failure. A different category involved the uncertainty about EOLC. The authors found out from the survey that confidence differed among professional clusters in diagnosing left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Hancock et al advance that, “95% of cardiologists, 66% of general practitioners (GPs) 93% of general physicians and 32% of heart failure nurses. For heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), confidence levels were much lower: 58% of cardiologists, 43% of general physicians, 7% of GPs and 6% of heart failure nurses. Only 5-35% of respondents used natriuretic peptides for LVSD or HFpEF. Confidence in interpreting test findings was fundamental to the use of all diagnostic tests. Clinical guidelines were reported to be helpful when diagnosing LVSD by 33% of nurses and 50-56% of other groups, but fell to 5-28% for HFpEF. Some GPs did not routinely initiate diuretics (23%), ACE-inhibitors (22%) or β-blockers (38%) for LVSD for reasons including historical teaching, perceived side effects and burden of monitoring. There was no accord about accountability for heart failure oversight for EOLC” (2014). Variations in the way heart failure is detected and treated have improved very little in the past ten years. Management approaches to diagnostic tests, non-uniform and modes of care delivery are still prevalent despite advancement in technology. The National Health Service context may not be favorable to addressing these problems. Sokhanvar S1, Shekhi M, Mazlomzadeh S, Golmohammadi Z (2011). The Relationship between Serum NT- Pro-BNP Levels and Prognosis in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure. J Cardiovascular Thorac Res. 2011; 3(2):57-61. doi: 10.5681/jcvtr.2011.012. Epub 2011 May 28. A lot of research results have shown that the use of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in diagnosing heart failure. However, there has been a debate about usage of these tests in establishing a prognosis of the extent of heart failure. The authors set to determine the worth of plasma NT-proBNP levels assessment in assessment of mortality and morbidity of patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. A cohort research was undertaken in 150 patients with heart failure since September 2009 till February 2010. The patients were keenly observed for 6 months to evaluate their prognosis. Patients were put into two prognosis groups (good and bad) and according to extent of heart failure in New York Heart Association. The class and frequency of hospital admission and mortality due to cardiac causes were also determined. Patients with good prognosis had over one admission New York Heart Association class of greater than two and patients that had one of this criteria considered as bad prognosis groups. Ten patients were lost during the process of monitoring. The mean of was expressively interrelated with ejection fraction and New York Heart Association class. In the research among 140 patients who were monitored for 6 months, 11of individuals died with mean of 8994.8±8375 pg/ml, in surviving patients mean was 3756.8±5645.6 pg/ml. This research is consistent with other research results that confirm NT-proBNP is ominously interrelated with mortality and morbidity. This could be forecasting adversative out-come and stratification in patients with heart failure. The authors suggested that more studies be undertaken in Iran Cain, J. M., Schulkin, J., Parisi, V., Power, M. L., Holzman, G. B., & Williams, S. (2001). Effects of perceptions and mentorship on pursuing a career in academic medicine in obstetrics and gynecology. Academic Medicine, 76, 628-634. The study was conducted in order to obtain information and perceptions of physicians in the field of gynecology and obstetrics about the effects of gender, race, ethnicity and mentorship experiences in the profession of medicine. The authors conducted two surveys. The first one contained a total of 2, 000 fellows from American College of Obstetricians as well as Gynecologist. The second one comprised of about 4,814 obstetrics residents who were scheduled to do a training exam. The questionnaires were distributed and they required participants to answer questions on their opinion and demographics about any career that fell under the field of academic medicine as well as their views and experiences on mentorship. Reaction stood at 96% for the residents and 40% for the Fellows. At least 26.1% specified they would not take up a career in medicine. Female residents were more persuaded to follow professions in academic medicine than males at the same level. However, there was decline of interest as they progressed to senior academic levels. Female residents (43%), particularly the subgroups, felt that males were mentored for key positions, while males (38%) felt that females were mentored and enlisted more. Fellows' feedback of enlistment did not vary by sex. White residents did not identify ethnic bias as a problem in mentoring or enlisting, but a majority of non-white residents indicated otherwise. 1/3 of non-white female residents reported that superiors were more likely to humiliate females and minority individuals. Davis OC1, Nakamura J. (2010) A proposed model for an optimal mentoring environment for medical residents: A Literature Review. Acad Med. Jun; 85(6):1060-6. The study was undertaken in order to come up with better and dynamic models for ideal mentoring setting for medical residents. The writers suggest that such a setting is the purpose of a connection that relies on a set of interactional foundations that allow a young medical practitioner to exploit on the strengths of the mentor, and it facilitates behaviors that will enable the young medical practitioner to develop and adopt the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The authors examined extensive literature especially in Web of Science and Google Scholar between 2007-2008 in order to identify articles that contained anything to do with the mentoring process and the setting in which it happened. Additionally, they also examined the impact both had on Knowledge Skills and Attitude skills. The writers searched for the qualities of a good mentor that recurred across the 20 papers included in the criteria. The writers found six interactional foundations that incorporate the optimal mentoring relationship. These interactional foundations are protégé-centeredness, emotional safety, informality, support, receptiveness, and veneration. These foundations empower young medical practitioners to participate in four important developmental behaviors: exercising independence, reflecting, extrapolating, and synthesizing. This model recognizes mentoring practices that endow young medical practitioners to inculcate developmental behaviors that can propel them to the highest point in the medical field. Professors may use this model to come up with training tools to impart knowledge on how to produce an ideal mentoring environment or setting. Scholars can use this model to support or guide their research of mentoring in medicine. Ash, A. S., Carr, P. L., Goldstein, R., & Friedman, R. H. (2004). Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: Is there equity? Annals of Internal Medicine, 141, 205-212, W43-W44. The main objective of the study was to examine the equality in promotion as well as salary for females versus male health school faculty nationwide. The authors conducted a survey between 1995 and 1996 which involved 1814 medical faculty in 24 randomly selected schools. The authors used mail survey questionnaires to collect data. The response rate was 60%. The study revealed that females were less likely to achieve full professorship status than their counterparts especially those male faculty with similar professional roles. For instance, 66% of male faculty with 15 to 20 years of seniority was full professors, as opposed to 47% of female faculty. Strengths include its nationwide scope, comprehensive data on issues that are likely to drive remuneration and advancement, and cautious investigations that regulate for varied confounders. There is one glaring limitation that can impact negatively on the generalization of the research findings. The researchers used a cross-sectional study of a longitudinal phenomenon. Therefore, this means that there is no data are accessible for faculty who were no longer employed full-time basis in medicine. Additionally, all data is self-reported giving rise to pertinent questions on the validity of the results. The authors concluded that female medical faculty did not progress quickly and they were not remunerated as well as professionally comparable male coworkers. Shortfalls for female general practitioners were greater than those for those who were not physicians in the female faculty. Thiemann P1, Quince T, Benson J, Wood D, Barclay S. (2014). Death anxiety among medical students: prevalence and implications. BMJ Support Palliat Care. Suppl 1:A31-2. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2014-000654.87. Death Anxiety is a condition connected to a consciousness of the certainty of dying, as well as death. There is evidence that doctors' fright of death has adverse effects on their own health and affects their care of terminally sick patients. The first time that doctors face death in a professional setting is at medical school. The development and consequences of Death Anxiety in medical practitioners are at present less researched and indeed poorly understood by scholars and physicians. The objective of the authors was to examine medical students' Death Anxiety with special attention to the frequency, gender variances and change over time. Second, the relations with attitudes towards ‘end of life care’ and emotional state. 4 young medical physicians of science (all of from the same academic level) and 4 clinical medical physicians at the University of Cambridge Medical School partook for up to 3 successive years (N=953). Questionnaires with reference to Death Anxiety, emotional health and attitudes towards ‘end of life care’ (EOLC) were also administered every year. The author found out that Death Anxiety was temperate at all training levels and it stayed steady over time. More profoundly, there were no gender variances apart from for the subscale “death of others,” whereby men scored more dismally than women in 5 of the 6 years. In primary science and clinical years negative correlations (r=-.18 --.42) were noted between Death Anxiety and psychological wellbeing. Steady below average to average correlations (r=.27-.50) between death anxiety and attitudes towards EOLC showed that students with advanced Death Anxiety were more frightened of deleterious personal impact of End of Life Care. The key limitation in this study was lack of representative sample as well as the period within which the study was conducted. The strength on the study lies in the authors’ use of the most relevant participants (students) of the right age. While Death Anxiety was not extraordinary high among most medical students, its link with low psychological wellbeing and deleterious attitudes towards End of Life Care is something to worry about. Tackling the problem of Death Anxiety during medical education seems to be imperative in order to augment the quality of End of Life Care and the student's psychological wellbeing. Bobnar A.(2014).Knowledge and experience with hospice and palliative care in Slovenia among healthy adults. BMJ Support Palliative Care. Suppl 1:A46. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2014- 000654.128. The author started the process of sensitizing the general public of Slovenia about the palliative care as an important segment of health care system in 2003. This was in preparation for entrance into the European Union. The National Palliative Care Program was released in late 2010. The patients and kin had systematized palliative care in 2010 in two hospitals and a nursing home care. Owing to the lack of palliative facilities, very few participants were involved in palliative care or hospice. The main purpose of the study was to identify and examine the differences between healthy grown-ups' knowledge of and the experience with nursing home and palliative care. Nursing students were interviewed together with 695 healthy grown-ups. In the academic year 2010 to 2011, Bivariate analysis was made to show statistically important differences among healthy grown-ups about the knowledge and experience with nursing home and palliative care concerning , education, marital status, gender, employment status, age and place of residence. 59.4% of the females and 40.6% of males aged 18-59 years 56.3% and 43.7% of those aged over 60 years, in urban (49,9%) and rural (51,1%), the women in the younger age group who live in the city, better known hospice and palliative care. Greater knowledge among employees (47,6%) and participants with education more than 13 years (21%). Marital status does not affect their knowledge of nursing home and palliative care, as well as no differences in experience with this type of care among healthy adults. The healthy grown-ups know little about nursing homes and palliative care, as well as experience in the same field. This might have affect the effective implementation of health polices to all areas of Slovenia. This might also explain the reason why healthy grown-ups are not interested in the other different health care forms upon hitting 65 years and above. Read More