Scrapbook on Human Sexuality - Coursework Example

Scrapbook on Human Sexuality Female Sexual Anatomy Physiology And Purposes Page 3 to 4 2 Contraception Birth Control And Abortion Page 4 to 6 3 Male Sexual Anatomy Physiology And Purposes Page 6 to 8 4 HIV/AIDS Page 8 to 10 5 Prostitution And Sex Laws Page 10 to 12 Female sexual anatomy physiology and response This chapter studies the internal and external structure in females and their functions. It also looks at the physical and hormonal changes which female undergoes during puberty. Female adolescences normally occur at the age of 9 to 13 years and results in ovulation and menstruation, which includes recurring hormonal changes in estrogen and progesterone. Secondary sexual characteristics include increased height, vaginal and uterine growth, and growth of pubic and underarm hair and widening of hips among others. The internal female reproductive anatomy includes two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, the uterus, urethra, pubic bone and the rectum. The uterus contains inner lining called the endometrial. Cervix is the lower part of the uterus and it is made of muscles which expand and contracts to allow parturition. It also contains a small opening down the vagina. Menstrual blood flows through the cervix opening into the vagina during menstruation. Seen travels through the same opening into the uterus and the fallopian tube following ejaculation during sexual intercourse. Vagina is an opening where menstruation occurs and receives sperms from the pennies during ejaculation. Ovaries produce ovules which are fertilized in the fallopian tube. Their movement is aided by the cilia which are tiny hair like structures which are embedded on the walls of the tubes. There also some hormones which are produced by the body which contributes to the processes of ovulation and menstruation making the whole cycle successful. Such hormones include progesterone gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormones and follicles-stimulating hormones. Progesterone is a hormone that is produced by estrogen. Its main function is to maintain the endometrial until it sloughs off. Luteinizing hormones functions hand in hand with the follicle stimulating hormones initiating the follicle cycle. Gonadotropin –releasing hormones are released on the first day of the ovarian cycle. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/anatomy.html Above is a picture which shows different parts of female body. It is the most appropriate because it highlights all the reproductive parts of a female which is the topic I have written above. The websites that may have relevant information are shown below the picture. Contraception birth control and abortion Birth control is any means of preventing birth from taking place including Contraception and abortion while abortion is terminating pregnancy before the actual day of giving birth. This chapter tackles about risks and Responsibilities of birth control, Methods of Contraception abortion. . Contraception increases hazardous sexual activities amid those who employ it. Contraceptives sometimes may not be successful, particularly among the youthful and unmarried. Using contraception prompt a female to terminate her child when contraceptives fail. Contraception deforms the artistic sexual surroundings even for those who dont use it. In recent centuries, before the sexual revolution, Cases of sexually transmitted infections were minimal. Nowadays there are dozens of (sexually transmitted diseases) STDs that come in hundreds of diversities. The increase of the number of STDs and of the figures of infected people shows that providing condoms has led to an increase in sexual encounters and risky sexual behaviors, rather than simply making previously occurring sexual encounters safer, as condom supports declare. Other methods of contraception report higher success rates of preventing pregnancy. These methods, though, are usually longer term and more difficult to reverse when a female does choose to become expectant. And, again, they cannot prevent 100% of pregnancies. These methods also carry substantial health risks to the lady taking them. Since most contraceptives are designed to be used by women. http://prolifeaction.org/faq/stand.php http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0767421700/student_view0/chapter11/sexuality_links.html http://prolifeaction.org/faq/stand.php#sthash.cNK01EcS.dpuf The above websites can be used for more details about birth controls The picture below clearly shows various ways of birth control thus it suits this topic Male sexual anatomy, physiology and response This chapter covers the male reproductive system and their functions and their sexual physiology and response. The male reproductive system includes; scrotum, penis, testes, sex glands and the spermatic duct. This parts work jointly to generate sperms, the male gamete and the other components of semen. These organs convey semen out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize ovules and make an offspring. The scrotum is a sac like appendage, made of membrane and the muscles that accommodate the testes. It is located at lower side of the penis in the pubic area. It has soft muscles which helps it to control the distance between the testes and the rest of the body. Seminal vesicles are pair of gland whose function is to store and manufacture some of the juice portion of the semen. They are located posterior to the urinary bladder and for to the rectum. The fluid produced contains some proteins helps the sperm survive in the acidic surrounding of the vagina. The fluid also contains some fructose to nourish sperm cell so that they survive long enough to fertilize the ovules. Testes are made of the male gonads accountable for the production of sperm and testosterone. Each testis is connected to the abdomen by a spermatic string and muscle. These muscles loosen up along with the scrotum to normalize the temperatures of the testes. The inside of the testis is divided into small components known as the lobules whereby each lobule contains a section of somniferous tubule lined with epithelial cells. Inside the scrotum pair of spermatic cords joins the testes to the abdominal void which contains the ductus deferens along with nerves, veins, arteries and lymphatic vessels. The smooth muscles of the walls of the ductus deferens are used to move the sperms towards the ejaculatory duct through peristalsis. The penis which is located above the scrotum and below the umbilicus. It is cylindrical in figure and contains the urethra and the external cavity of the urethra. http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system http://www.innerbody.com/image/repmov.html The picture above represents the male reproductive system. And suits the topic discussed above in the best way. Also above are some of the websites that can be used for more information about the chapter HIV/AIDS This is a disease of the human immune system that comes as result of human immunodeficiency whereby during the first stages of infections the infected experiences a brief period of influenza like illness followed by prolonged period without any symptoms. As the illness progresses, it interferes with the immune system thus exposing the infected much more to infections. HIV is caused by basically unprotected sexual intercourse both anal and oral sex, contaminated blood transfusion, sharing of sharp objects and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Bodily fluids such as saliva and tears do not transmit HIV. Genetic research shows that HIV originated from the west central Africa in the beginning of twentieth century. Since its discovery AIDS has lead to the death of more than thirty million people. HIV is termed as a pandemic which has great impact on the society both as illness and as source of discrimination. This disease has become a point of controversy involving various religions, international medical agencies and in the political fraternity as well as the large scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s. Some of the effects of HIV/AIDS are: stigma, economic impacts such as cost of treatment and high levels of poverty since one cannot work. Denial, conspiracies and misconception among other effects. The ways of prevention against these infections are; safe sex which is the proper use of condoms during sex, treating those whose CD4 are greater than or equal to 350cells/µL with antiretroviral protects 96% of their partners from infection, A course of antiretroviral administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis. Programms to prevent the vertical transmission of the infection can reduce rates of transmission by 92 to 99%.This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant and potentially includes bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding. http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/081004/AIDS-HIVDisease&Socl.htm http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/Supplement_4/S213.long The above picture is representation of how a person infected with HIV looks like. It also brings out the picture of discrimination clearly. Above are also some of the websites which can be visited to get more information about the chapter. Prostitution and sex laws Prostitution is the business of engaging in sexual relations in a promiscuous way in exchange of money or other valuable things. It is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legality of prostitution varies from one country to another, from being permissible but unregulated to an enforced or unenforced crime or to a regulated profession. In fact it is sometimes referred to as “the world’s oldest profession”. It occurs in a variety of forms. Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution. In escort prostitution, the act may take place at the clients residence or hotel room also referred to as out-call, or at the escorts residence or a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort known as called in-call. Another form is street prostitution. Although the majority of prostitutes are female with male clients, there are also gay male prostitutes, lesbian prostitutes, and straight male prostitutes. Popular prostitution-related destinations include the Netherlands, Nevada and Thailand sex tourism refers to travelling, to engage in sexual relations with prostitutes. Some rich clients may pay for long-term contracts that may last for years. Prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated; the current situation in the Netherlands, Germany, most of Australia and parts of Nevada. The degree of regulation varies very much, for example in Netherlands prostitutes are not required to undergo mandatory health checks while in Nevada the regulations are very strict. Prostitution is legal, but the surrounding activities such as public solicitation, operating a brothel and other forms of pimping are prohibited, the current situation in the United Kingdom France and Canada. The picture shows why in some countries sex work is a crime since you can see is being done at night and also the evil in it since things done in darkness are associated with evil. Also below are some websites which can be visited for more information about prostitution. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/30/german-brothels-illegal-feminists-fight-law-prostitution http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/12/sex_work_laws_the_new_york_times_praises_france_s_new_legislation_and_gets.html References Rye, B. J. (2000). Teaching about intersexuality: A review of hermaphrodites speak! And a critique of introductory human sexuality textbooks. Shibley Hyde, J., & Jaffee, S. R. (2000). Becoming a heterosexual adult: The experiences of young women. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 283-296. Read More