Physiological Adaptations to Aerobic Training - Research Proposal Example

Physiological Adaptations to Aerobic Training Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 3 Methodology 6 References 8 Introduction The paper aims to present a methodology and a review of the literature relating to a planned exercise to measure the physiological adaptation to aerobic training of individuals participating in spinning classes at Arches Leisure. This is in line with measuring the benefits of services offered at the center, and by way of quantifying those benefits as they pertain to the different aerobic training modules being offered. The review of the literature will cover scientific literature on the subject of general physiological adaptations to aerobic training, and literature on specific studies relating more to aerobic fitness, modes of testing, and measurement technologies tied to the science and to the current investigation. Literature Review The literature shares a common understanding of what aerobic can do to the body in general, and that is, to make the body adapt to a point where it is able to more efficiently function to elevated levels of exertion and stress. Aerobic training, in general, is known to positively affect the capacity of the body to utilize oxygen; elevates body blood volumes and hemoglobin levels; improves muscle capacity for exertion; and strengthens heart muscles in terms of stroke capacity, cardiac output, and decreased heart rates at elevated levels of physical exertion (NEALS 2011). Aerobic training is documented to cause very marked changes in human physiology (Jones and Helen 2000): Endurance exercise training results in profound adaptations of the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular systems that enhance the delivery of oxygen from the atmosphere to the mitochondria and enable a tighter regulation of muscle metabolism. (Jones and Helen 2000, 373-386). In patients with confirmed heart failure, aerobic training has been shown to improve heart performance and effect reduction in ailment symptoms (Wisloff et al 2007). Other studies, meanwhile, note that the physiological adaptations that result from aerobic training extend well into the genetic level, with some studies noting the progress in this line of research, having come to identify at least five hundred genes involved and undergoing activation as a result of aerobic training (Timmons et al 2005). In other studies involving not diseased patients but active sports figures, on the other hand, the literature is also encouraging with regard to the physiological adaptations that occur with aerobic training, with little regard, it seems, for the kind of aerobic that is undertaken, with measurable positive physiological effects noted for both very general aerobic training as well as for more specific, targeted aerobic training. This is the case with the study involving soccer players in training, done in 2006, where the physiological benefits extend and were not noticeably different for both general aerobic training as well as for specific training involving small games where players take sides. General aerobic training, on the other hand, involved running. In both cases positive physiological adaptations were noted (Impellizzeri et al 2006). Similar studies that focus on different types of aerobic training likewise reach the same conclusion about the improved aerobic fitness and profile of those who undergo different modes of aerobic training, with the physiological adaptations being positive and occurring along similar levels of improvement (McMillan et al. 2004; Bell et al 1991. This latter study is notable for using VO2max as measure of aerobic fitness, and for concluding that aerobic training, while improving aerobic parameters, has no adverse impact on other measures of athletic and physiological performance (McMIllan et al 2004): Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the Vo2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance (McMIllan 2004). Moreover, there are studies that note that where, on the one hand, improvements in aerobic parameters in humans take a long time to peak even with sustained aerobic training, the flipside loss of aerobic capacity and physiological negative adaptation or deterioration occurs just a few weeks after an individual ceases to involve himself in aerobic training, indicating that the reverse situation, where physiological and aerobic fitness deteriorates, occurs much faster than the process of physiological adaptation that goes along with sustained, disciplined aerobic training (Neufer 1989). Related to spinning and cycling, the literature establishes profound physiological effects of such aerobic training modes, including heart performance effects (Blain et al 2009). Literature also exists that focus, not on the process of physiological adaptation to aerobic fitness itself, but on the tools that measure base line and improved physiological and aerobic performance after undergoing aerobic training. Among these tools that have been identified in the literature as having value is based on the science of ergospirometry. The idea behind ergospirometry is the measurement of metabolic and respiratory performance during the process of physical exertion, as when an individual exercises on a machine known as an ergometer. As the name implies, ergospirometry is made up of two distinct parts, one being spirometry and the other being ergometry, measuring two distinct physiological parameters. The science and the measurement technology has extended to many facets of human life, to include sports, the sciences, medicine, and different branches of rehabilitative and physiologic therapy disciplines (Hollmann and Prinz 1997). The literature has validated the usefulness of ergospirometry, and newer modes that incorporate computing technology into more recent ergospiromters, in a wide variety of contexts, including those with impairments in physiology, together with athletes and ordinary people in good health (Reiterer 1976; Nakamura et al 2007;). Elsewhere the literature affirms VO2max as a reliable measure of aerobic fitness and physiological adaptation to intense training for different training modes, involving serious athletes preparing for peak performance and events (Basset and Boulay 2003). Methodology The goal is to measure physiological adaptations in people participating in aerobic training classes at Arches Leisure. To be specific, the aim is to measure just how large the magnitudes of changes are in physiology of the participants as they adapt to the stresses and to the demands of the aerobic training that they undergo, under the guidance of the fitness instructors. There are basically two tests that are necessary to determine such physiological adaptations. One is VO2max testing, making use of a device called Fitmate Pro. The other test will determine the capacity for exercise and VO2max, making use of a desktop cardiopulmonary exercise test ergospirometer. The results of these tests for the participants will be tabulated and tracked over time, to determine baseline performance as well as physiological adaptations to the aerobic training that the participants are to undergo in the center. References Basset, F. and Boulay, M. 2003, Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Tests Are Interchangeable To Monitor Triathletes Annual Training. Journal of Sports Medicine 2003 (2). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4GSOsrhhGEkJ:www.jssm.org/vol2/n3/5/v2n3-5pdf.pdf+vo2max+testing+physiological+adaptation+exercise&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgsxgHHmDBY7jxmS5xMpK_GTUMFuGJJXRIxMyqZ3jmAwf-dEFni6HKTvEa8fGVh1TkouhO6B1iDMF6SuPqZPJMaI5c7Xy6wHGQw12vk_eWpL-gW72ooTIF0C0AESfZG7NW2fpLB&sig=AHIEtbQasUrBlfBWAAEACwLvdSEP-AnhVg Bell, GJ et al. 1991, Physiological Adaptations to Concurrent Endurance Training and Low Velocity Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12 (4). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/sportsmed/doi/10.1055/s-2007-1024699 Blain, G et al 2009, Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability reveals cardiolocomotor coupling during dynamic cycling exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology 296 (5). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/296/5/H1651.full Hollmann W and Prinz J. 1997, Ergospirometry and its history. Sports Medicine 23 (2). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068094 Impellizzeri, FM et al 2006, Physiological and Performance Effects of Generic versus Specific Aerobic Training in Soccer Players. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27 (6). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/sportsmed/doi/10.1055/s-2005-865839 Jones, A. and Carter, H. 2000, The Effect of Endurance Training on Parameters of Aerobic Fitness. Sports Medicine 29 (6). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://adisonline.com/sportsmedicine/Abstract/2000/29060/The_Effect_of_Endurance_Training_on_Parameters_of.1.aspx Nakamura, F. et al. 2007, Relationship between physiological indicators obtained in ergospirometry test in cycle ergometer of upper extremities and performance in canoeing. Rev Bris Med Esporte 13 (5). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:TBaomcuA7G0J:www.scielo.br/pdf/rbme/v13n5/en_01.pdf+ergospirometry+physiological+adaptation+exercise&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjLX1VuwUzYOyH_I-p4REtKPBF8QJ-l_uUkHCT-ibC36N3dXUmZzLqnIcyweQ_NX1p5dmQgohknM-3zHkwVtty4fh3IfIU6TIFIUNKfXkHBrjuaQk0dOONGVXnFQ4WcCDBLvytB&sig=AHIEtbTymMtp8ziVGo2UcdERxAIcY2BUpw McMillan K et al 2004, Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2005 39. Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://www.msscentershop.info/content/39/5/273.full NEALS 2011, How does the body respond to aerobic training? State of New South Wales and Charles Tuft University. Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/core2/focus2/focus1/4007/2-1-4/fac2_1_4.htm Neufer, PD 1989, The effect of detraining and reduced training on the physiological adaptations to aerobic exercise training UK Pubmed Central. Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/2692122/reload=0;jsessionid=95laq24rrhOUrEwRVBlx.22 Reiterer, W. 1976, Evaluation of physical performance by rectangular-triangular bicycle ergometry and computer-assisted ergospirometry. Basic Research in Cardiology 71 (5). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/q59421184471171m/ Timmons, J. et al 2005, Modulation of extracellular matrix genes reflects the magnitude of physiological adaptation to aerobic exercise training in humans. BMC Biology 2005 3 (19). Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/core2/focus2/focus1/4007/2-1-4/fac2_1_4.htm Wisloff, U et al. 2007, Superior Cardiovascular Effect of Aerobic Interval Training Versus Moderate Continuous Training in Heart Failure Patients. Circulation Journal/American Heart Association. Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/115/24/3086.long Read More