Practical Analysis of Epidemiology - Assignment Example

Running Head: Health Sciences and Medicines Practical Analysis of Epidemiology of the of the of the [Course] Introduction The assignment presents a thorough analysis of practical analysis of epidemiology through questions mentioned at the end of the chapter two. The primary purpose of the assignment is to present a deep understanding and insight over the subject manner in a significant and critical manner. Question-2: Name three approaches for prevention (Primary, secondary and territory) for each of the following health problems. There is no denying that health problems are bound to happen as no individual is good enough to mitigate the impact of internal and external factors affecting the body and mind in the short as well as in the long run (Susser, 1973). Primary intervention includes health promotion and specific protection against diseases in a logical manner. It is important to analyse approaches for prevention of diseases mentioned in the question. Motor Vehicle Accidents- Primary intervention for motor vehicle accidents should be wearing protective devices and gears to prevent injuries and high impact of the accident. At the same time, it is important to be aware about the long term impact of motor vehicle accidents that can be learnt from others who have faced such accidents in the past. Secondary intervention can be in the form of disability limitation where the overall impact and influence of the injury can be controlled through medical attention and proper treatment. This will help in mitigating the overall impact of the injury along with making it curable in the short run. Territory intervention is requires when the impact has been seen and cured to an extent but requires proper treatment and look after. In this case, proper rest and medication along with a healthy diet and regular exercise can be considered as an ideal approach for managing the after impact of the injury caused due the accident. This will also help in treating the injury in a systematic manner along with enhancing the overall medical condition. Obesity- Obesity can be considered as one of the most critical health issues across the world. The primary intervention required for the obesity issue is to utilize specific health care supplements and foods to prevent nutritional disorders. The secondary intervention should be personal and medical attention through thorough analysis of the reason and cause for the obesity along with taking steps like diet control, personal attention, continuous improvement through a dedicated approach and consulting doctors at regular intervals in order to control the overall impact of the obesity. The territory intervention can be in the form of physical therapy where obesity can be cured through a systematic approach of controlling the diet along with personal attention on one’s health behaviour. These approaches will help in understanding, mitigating and controlling the obesity issue to an extent but requires step by step understanding and analysis along with a dedicated approach in the short as well as in the long run. Mortality due to Gang Violence- Gang violence either affects individuals mentally and more often physically. There is no assurance over the health mishaps as any part of the body can be affected by the gang violence. The primary intervention can be in the form of creating awareness over the impact and influence of accidents on people along with taking protective measures like counseling. The secondary intervention can be in the form of to cure injures along with mitigating its impact and influence over the mind and the body along with offering adequate medical attention to avoid further complications. The territory intervention can be in the form of disability limitation by offering further counseling to injured people along with developing health care programs to enhance the overall health behaviour along with regrouping the body parts in a natural manner to create long term benefits. All these interventions need to be implemented as per the impact and influence of the disease and accordingly a systematic approach should be taken to create long term benefits and advantages for individuals. Question-9: Percentage decline in the death rates: (A). For all causes= 841.9-1719.1/1719.1*100 = 51% There has been a decline of 51% in the cause of overall death and can be considered as a huge improvement considering the overall impact of death rates that was quite high in 1900 compared to 2003. The major reasons for decline in the death rate are because of the decrease in the death rate caused due to pneumonia, influenza, cerebrovascular disease, chronic nephritis and accidents. At the same time, there has been an increase in the rates of heart diseases and malignant neoplasms. Overall, there has been a decline in a number of diseases that has helped in lowering the overall death rates in last hundred years. (B) Changes in death rates due to Cancer, Heart Diseases and Cerebrovascular Disease Malignant Neoplasm- 191.5-64/64*100 = 199.21% Heart Diseases- 235.6-137.4/137.4*100= 71.47% Cerebrovascular Disease- 54.2-106.9/106.9*100= 49.29% Other useful information could be in the form of environmental impact and influence and changes in the medical industry leading to an advancing period where diseases have been identified at an early stage helping in curing them through wide arrays of medical initiatives and understanding. (C) Decline in the mortality rate for four communicable diseases Influenza and Pneumonia- 22.4-202.2/202.2*100= 88.92% Tuberculosis- Only data for 1900 is available Gastroenteritis- Only data for 1900 is available Diphtheria- Only data for 1900 is available The decline in the mortality rate can be credited to preventive and curative practices as environment is getting vulnerable with the rise of industries and stringent work routine causing diseases like Gastroenteritis and Tuberculosis. However, it can be assumed that with advancement in the medical industry, people are more educated and aware on medical complications with so much information available on the internet, newspapers along with communities helping individuals to understand the diseases and overall influence and impact over the mind and body. (D) In the year 2003, leading cause of death in were chronic lower respiratory disease (43.5 per 100000 rank 4, diabetes 25.5% per 100000, rank 6, Alzheimer’s disease 21.8 per 100000 rank 8, Septicemia 11.7% per 100000 rank 10. Interestingly, these diseases were not very much impactful in 1900. It can be assumed that with different lifestyle that does not allow having time for healthy food and lifestyle, obesity and diabetes have been a common problem. These changes are because of the change in the environment and lifestyle of people that is more fast and advanced compared to the life and lifestyle of 1900. Moreover, with industries and commercialization, nature has been affected that has been a real cause for living a life in an artificial shell lacking natural air and healthy benefits. Question-10 Based on the Figure 1900 (Hoyert, et, al, 2006) 2003: (A) The five causes of deaths in 1900 had been pneumonia, TB, Gastroenteritis, heart disease and strokes while the five leading causes of deaths in 2003 had been heart disease, cancer, stroke, lower respiratory disorder and accidents. There has been a major change in the trend with pneumonia, TB and Gastroenteritis resulting in few deaths. (B) There is no data on Parkinson Disease and Hypertension (C) The death rates because of accidents had been in the list of top five causes of death in 2003 and in top seven in 1900. This shows that the there has been a rise in the number of deaths because of accidents. With government taking initiatives of asking people to wear helmets while riding bikes and wearing seat belts while driving, the number of deaths should be controlled. However, with a number of people riding motorcycles and driving cars always in a hurry to reach their destination, the rise in the number is always understood and beyond expectations. (D) Alzheimer Disease has been affecting the mortality rate at a slow pace as the disease affects people above the age of 50 and more. With ageing population, it can be assumed that the disease will impact the people in the long run though the impact has been not much in the recent run as per the trend exhibited in the graph. References Hoyert, DL, Heron, MP, Murphy SL, et al (2006), Deaths: Final data for 2003. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol-54, No-13, Hyattsville, MD, National Center for Health Statistics. Susser, M (1973), “Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences”, New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Read More