The Effect of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on 20 mile Cycle Time Trial Performance - Research Paper Example

CONTENTS: i List of figures ii List of Tables 2. Introduction. 3. Review of Literature. 4. hypothesis. 5. Materials and methods. 6. Results and Discussion. 7. Conclusion. 8. References. Nutritional Report: The Effect of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on 20 mile Cycle Time Trial Performance INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy to our body. The carbohydrate that is consumed is converted into glucose and utilized by our body. The excess amount of carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles. The dietary carbohydrates directly contribute to the body’s maintenance. If the body does not receive enough carbohydrate food, the performance level will decrease. The interest on the influence of the food habits on the performance of the physical activity of humans is researched since the origin of the man kind. Exercises make a man fit and perfect. Among the exercises, running, jogging, cycling helps in the complete work out of the muscles in the body. Carbohydrates, being the primary energy source, help the person to perform exercises well. Having a high carbohydrate meal before the exercise will make a person to maintain the body glucose levels. This will help them to perform the best. Now the studies have proved that carbohydrate mouth wash before and during exercise will boost the person to perform well. (pponline.co.uk).Many studies have reported that the carbohydrate ingestion will improve the performance more during intensive exercises in a short duration of time. The reason behind this is that the high carbohydrate food ingestion before and during high intensive exercise will have its ergogenic effect by acting through the central nervous system, mediated by the glucose receptors in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. (Milou, 2009). The use of the mouth rinse trial on 1 hr trial performance was carried out by many scientists. A carbohydrate solution was given to the chosen participants and they were made to rinse with the solution in a randomized way. They have found increase in the performance. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Tsintdas and Williams (1998) have reported that the carbohydrate ingestion during the exercise, in the form of CHO-electrolytes leads to performance benefits during variable intensity exercises. They were not able to give the mechanism clearly. They have also proved that the type and intensity of he exercise, amount, type and timing of the CHO ingestion and the pre-exercise nutrition of the personal will play a major role in the energy utilization. They have also proved that the ingestion of CHO except fructose will decrease the muscle glycogen utilization and increase the plasma insulin level. Coggan and Coyle (1991) have said that as the person is undergoing intense exercise for long period, the energy required for the maintenance of metabolism is derived both from the blood glucose and muscle glycogen. When the exercise is done in a prolonged fasted state, then the blood glucose level decreases drastically when compared to the muscle glycogen level. Here the remarkable result giving the importance of the continuous ingestion of the CHO is given. They have recommended that the feeding of the CHO during the continuous exercise does not increase the glucose level but there was a significant increase in ability of the participants when they were given CHO ingestion for short time exercises, like the 1-hr cycling or running exercise. Bosch etal (1994) studied the effects of ingesting the carbohydrate drink and the placebo drink based on the total glucose appearance, blood glucose oxidization and the muscle glycogen utilization at the trial including 14 men. They have stated that the muscle glycogen level and the utilization was maximum during the 1st hour of the exercise and the level of the glucose was greater during the end of exercise. This gives a clear idea about the effect of CHO on the blood glucose and the glycogen utilization level. Beelen etal (2009) have investigated the effect of the carbohydrate mouth rinsing on the exercise performance. They studied the effect of the CHO mouth washing during the exercise for one hour after consuming a standard diet in the morning. They concluded that they were not able to find much difference between the placebo and the CHO group. They found that the results were almost the same when compared. The RPE value, heart rate, average power output had no significant difference among the control and the placebo. Backhouse etal (2005) have reported that the percept exertions are attenuated during the prolonged cycle exercise following the CHO ingestion. the influence of regular CHO beverage ingestion on affect (pleasure-displeasure) and perceived exertion during prolonged cycle exercise was examined in this study. A randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced design, nine endurance trained males were made to undertake a 2 hour cycling at 70% VO2 max on two occasions. They were tested within one week duration. Here the water was used as the placebo and the 6.4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CHO) was given to them immediately after they finished theit cycling and also after every fifteen minutes during the cycling. The participants reported that they had a great pleasure in cycling when they ingested the CHO drink. The performance level was also found to have increased. The power output was also found to have increased. The ratings of the pleasure and displeasure were more positive during the CHO recovery and the significant increase in the pleasure was found for every fifteen minute interval after the post exercise. The RPE rate was found to increase during cycling in this trail and was found to be lower when compared to the placebo trial. The plasma glucose concentration found to increase in the CHO compared with the placebo trial. Another one remarkable effect of the CHO ingestion is the increase in the concentration of the plasma cortisol concentration. Desbrow etal (2004) have concluded that the CHO consumption through out the 1 hour intensive cycling does not provide a greater increase in the time or the power output. 9 well trained subjects were asked to finish a set of work after a 24 hour dietary control and the exercise control. During exercise, the subjects were provided with either the 6% carbohydrate –electrolyte or the carbohydrate free drink (placebo). Apart from the CHO –electrolyte drinks, the effect of the protein on the performance of the exercise was studied. The studies were done with the 6 % carbohydrate drink and with the 6% carbohydrate drink with the 2% protein. It was concluded by Van Essen and Gibala (2006) that the 6% carbohydrate solution increased the performance efficiency and the addition of the 2% protein to the CHO does not play any significant effect. The influence of the carbohydrate moth rinsing on the self selected running speeds was determined. (Rollo etal, 2008). Here the time duration was a 30 minute tread mill run. Here ten endurance trained men were made to perform two trials on the automated tread mill. The tread mill had the provisions to select the speed without the manual input. The participants were made to have a mouth rinse either with a CHO a 6% CHO or taste-matched placebo (PLA) solution. I n addition to the above they were made to record the self selected speeds and the total distance run by them in the tread mill. It is concluded from the study that the faster speeds were achieved by the participants who had a CHO mouth rinsing after every 15 minutes. They were also able to achieve a greater distance covered than the placebo. Similarly Palmer GS etal (1998) have examined the effect of the CHO ingestion on the 20 km time trial performance among the well trained cyclists. All the subjects in the study were made to perform two experiments. The subjects were given a commercial carbohydrate energy drink or a colored flavored placebo. Ten minutes after the drink, the subjects commenced a 5 minute warm-up at 150 W and then started their 20 kilometer time trial performance. It was found that the average time, power output, heart rate does not vary between the trail and the placebo group. Pottier etal (2008) have found from their studies that mouth rinsing but not the ingestion of the carbohydrate drink has improved the performance of the participants. Here the subjects were made to rinse their mouth with either placebo solution or the 6% iso tonic solution at a proportion of 14 ml /kilo gram of the body weight through out the trail and also at the beginning of the trail. The rinsing was done many times so as to accomplish the setted amount of work. The mouth rinsing was asked to perform as quick as possible and then to continue their work. Whereas for the other group the ingestion of the CHO drink and the placebo was tried. The result that they received was very interesting and good. The increase in the power output and the lactate production was very large. The blood glucose concentration was also maintained constant for the mouth rinsing experiment. The blood glucose concentration was found to increase for the mouth ingestion experiment participant’s blood after the trial. Thus they have concluded that the mouth rinsing will improve the performance of the participants and their intensity of the work. So apart from the ingestion of the CHO before, during and after exercise, the mouth rinsing of the CHO at particular intervals was found to increase the performance level. Rollo etal (2009) conducted a test with 20 endurance trained male runners. The participants after a 13 hour long fasting were made to complete two one hour performance in the tread mill with mouth rinsing with 25 ml of the 6.4% CHO-E or placebo. To their surprise they found that the blood glucose level had no significant change after 1 hour trial. Plasma level also had no changes when compared with the trail and the placebo. so they concluded that the mouth rinsing will not contribute to the increase in the performance. As the confusion is still going on, a research for the effect of the CHO on the performance of the 20 kilometer cycle time trial was carried out in our study. HYPOTHESIS: The blood glucose and the muscle glycogen concentration are much important for the performance of the 20 km time trial performance. The glycogen concentration and the glucose concentration were found to be the same in one trial and different in other trial. Hence the look for the effects is the major focus of our study. The glucose is not readily available for the athletes during the short term running and short duration intensive time trial performance. We believe in the hypothesis that the CHO mouth rinse will increase the performance of Steve but the results from the Standard Deviation Test show that these results will not be significant enough to make a difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RESULTS: The randomized single blind study was carried out for Steve. The study consisted of three visits. The first visit was a familiarity visit and the second and third visits involved a trail timing performance of 20 miles completion under no encouragement. Table 1: The statistics of the participant Test No 1 Test No 2 Age (years) 44 44 Height (cm) 180.3 180.3 Weight ( kgs) 74 73.5 Temperature ( ˚C) 18.2 19 The participants were made to perform a brief warm up for five minutes to reach a power of 150 watts. After which the participants were made to elapse five minutes. Then they were instructed to bring cycle cadence to 100 watts to start the trail. After the familiarity trial, the participants were allowed to take the mouthful of the solution and to keep it in the mouth for 5 seconds and spit out. The CHO mouth rising solution consisted of a 7.3% carbohydrate solution (maltodextrin: fructose, dextrose, maltose) with 0.05g of sodium per 100ml. The placebo consisted of water flavoured with sugar free Lemon and Lime Cordial with 20g of sweetener to create a chalky texture similar to the carbohydrate sports drink This procedure pf CHO mouth rinsing was carried out with the This procedure was carried out for every trail at frequent intervals. The blood glucose concentration of Steve was measured before and after he achieved the target. It was found that the glucose level concentration decreased at the end of the trial time. Figure 1: Blood glucose concentration of Steve in 1st and 2nd test:: Figure 2: Lactate concentration of Steve in 1st and 2nd test: The blood lactate is found to have associated with the exercise intensity. If the intensity is higher then the lactate concentration also increases. Table 2: RPE borg scale of Steve in 1st and 2nd test: RPE (borg scale) Time min RPE test 1 RPE test 2 10 13 14 20 13 15 30 15 16 40 16 17 50 17 18 60 19 19 Table 3: Heart rate (BPM) of Steve in 2nd and 3rd trial   Heart rate (BPM)   Time min HR test 1 HR test 2 10 158 157 20 156 160 30 159 156 40 157 157 50 166 158 60 165 167 The comparative results with the placebo and the trial group are as follows: Figure 3: The RPE borg scale analysis between the carbohydrate and the placebo results: Figure 4:The time analysis between the carbohydrate and the placebo groups: Figure 5: The heart rate result of the placebo and the carbohydrate test groups: The results for the two tests conducted between the placebo and the carbohydrate drinks are as follows: Figure 6: Figure 7: The effect of the trials on the heart rate BPM: Figure 8: The borg scale analysis: Figure 9: The pre and post glucose concentration of the time trial for test 1 and test 2: DISCUSSION: The amount of glucose that was present before the start of the 1 hour time trail performance was found to decrease at the end of the trail by a percentage of 15 in the first test and by only 4.4% in the second test. This helps us to confirm that the CHO mouth wash helps us to maintain the glucose level in the blood even after intensive exercising. This indicates that the CHO acts as a stimulant for the production of more glucose. The use of the CHO during the exercise helps to maintain the glucose level by about 95.56% of the initial level. The production of the lactate during the exercise is an indicator for the level of performance of the body. If the exercise level is higher then the production of the lactate will be higher. The lactate is produced by the body, when the demand for higher energy level arises. The normal concentration of lactate in our body is 1-2 mmol/l and this can increase up to 20mmol/l during intensive exertion. The concentration of the lactate after the placebo tests was 7.99 mmol/l. whereas the concentration of the lactate after the CHO time trail test was 9.87 mmmol/l. The increase in the lactate concentration during the placebo test was 5.5 times than that of the initial. Whereas the increase in the lactate concentration for the CHO test was 7.96 times than that of the initial concentration. This is a positive indicator for the increase in the performance of the individual. According to the mechanism it clearly indicates that the use of CHO will increase the energy supply to the muscles for the better performance. The time taken to complete the given trial was also found to have increased for the CHO mouth rinse time trial performance. Steve completed the test 1 in 53.13 minutes and the second test in 49.14 minutes. So when the CHO mouth rinse is provided at an interval of three minutes through out the trail the power output was also found to increase by 20 %. The increase in the time and the power output proves that the performance level has increased at a greater percentage. The heart rate is another indicator for the performance level. During exercise, the heart beat rate should be constant for the best performance. During the first test the heart beat rate started from 158 BPM at the 10th minute and increased to 165 BPM at the end of the trial. And during the second test, the heart beat rate started from 157 BPM at the 10th minute and increased to 167 BPM at the end of the trial. There is no characteristic difference between the two test heart rate. Hence there are no negative effects. The RPE Borg scale which is an indicator for the measurement of the athlete’s level of intensity in training and competition. In the first test, the RPE level started with 13 and it was maintained at the same level for first 20 minutes. The level increased gradually after the 20th minute. The level went upto 19 at the end of the trail. In the second test, the RPE level started at 14 and it was found to increase gradually from the by 1 for every 10 minutes. This indicates that the CHO mouth rinsing has helped them to increase the level of exertion gradually and steadily such that the body’s performance increased with time. Compared to the sudden increase from the level 13 to level 15 in the 30th minute, the gradual increase will help Steve to maintain the balance perfectly. The important measurements of the performance level during the exercise with and without CHO mouth rinsing was carried out. It was found that all the parameters had a significant improvement in their positive indicating level. The heart beat rate was maintained constant in both the tests, proving that there is no risk is associated with the CHO mouth rinse and breathing. CONCLUSION: The carbohydrate mouth rinsing helps to improve the intensity of the work of the athletes. The increased power output and the reduction of the total time taken for the completion of the time trial performance proves that the CHO mouth rinse has greater effects on the performance. The RPE rate was also found to have increased and the increase of the RPE at a steady state is a positive indicator of good intensity of exercise. Thus the Cho mouth rinsing during a 1 hour time trial performance has helped Steve to increase the intensity of the exercise. 10 percentage overall increase in the performance was observed for the CHO mouth rinsing technique. The mouth rinsing during the exercise period at an interval of three minutes is found to be better than the other methods. Reference: .Backhouse SH et. al 2005, Effect of carbohydrate and prolonged exercise on affect and perceived exertion, Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.37, no.10, pp.1768-73. Beelen M et. al Aug 2009, Carbohydrate mouth rinsing in the fed state: lack of enhancement of time-trial performance, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol.19, no.4, pp 400-9. Bosch AN et. al 1994, Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.76, no.6, pp 2364-72. Coggan AR and Coyle EF, 1991, Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: effects on metabolism and performance, Exercise Sport Science Review. vol.19, pp 1-40. Desbrow B et. al 2004, Carbohydrate-electrolyte feedings and 1 h time trial cycling performance, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol.14, no.5, pp 541-9. Palmer GS et. al 1998, Carbohydrate ingestion immediately before exercise does not improve 20 km time trial performance in well trained cyclists, Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.19, no.6, pp:415-8. Pottier et. al 2008, Mouth rinse but not ingestion of a carbohydrate solution improves 1- h cycle time trial performance, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.20, no.1, pp. 105 – 111 Rollo et. al 2009, The Influence of Mouth-Rinsing A Carbohydrate Solution on 1 Hour Running Performance, Medicine and science in sports and exercise, Published on 27th November 2009. Rollo et. al 2008, The influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on self-selected speeds during a 30-min treadmill run, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol.18, no.6, pp 585-600. Tsintzas K and Williams C, 1998, Human muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise. Effect of carbohydrate supplementation, Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, pp 7-23 Van EM and Gibala MJ 2006, Failure of protein to improve time trial performance when added to a sports drink, Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.38, no.8, pp 1476-83. Read More