M5 Annotated Bibliography/Bias discussion - Assignment Example

In this article, researchers conducted a prospective longitudinal study to test the hypothesis that periodontal disease is a predictor of mortality from ischemic heart disease and diabetic nephropathy in Pima Indians diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The effect of periodontal disease on mortality was assessed using the time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model. The results revealed that in subjects with severe periodontal disease, the death rate from ischemic heart disease was 2.3 times higher and death rate from diabetic nephropathy was 8.

5 times higher than those with less severe periodontal disease. The researchers concluded that periodontal disease (risk factor) is a strong predictor of mortality from ischemic heart disease and diabetic nephropathy (outcome). The results of this study cannot be generalized to other populations since the study was conducted on Pima Indians, a population that has extremely high rate of periodontal disease. A study by Xiong et al. cited below shows that periodontal disease is also associated with gestational diabetes mellitus.

This study is important because it helps to target future preventive and educational programs to this high risk population. Xiong, X., Elkind-Hirsch. K. E., Vastardis, S., Delarosa, R. L., Pridjian, G., & Buekens, P. (2009). Periodontal disease is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A case- control study. Journal of Periodontology, 80(11), 1742-1749. Keywords: Periodontal disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, case- control study. In this article, researchers conducted a case-control study to test the hypothesis that maternal periodontal disease induces systemic inflammatory responses that leads to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between periodontal disease and GDM. The results revealed that as the severity of periodontal disease increase, the risk of developing GDM also increases. Although this study concludes that an association exists between periodontal disease (risk factor) and gestational diabetes mellitus (outcome), additional prospective studies are required to determine if periodontal disease is a causal factor for gestational diabetes. One of the limitations of this study is that the results cannot be generalized to other populations because the subjects of this study were of high socioeconomic status.

This study is important because it helps to target future preventive and dental health educational programs to this high risk