The Global Call for Sustainability Through Tourism in the City of Sacramento - Research Paper Example

? Assignment PROFILE OF SACRAMENTO Due PROFILE OF SACRAMEN A Global Model for Sustainable Tourism Development Introduction The talk of global development cannot be attained if individual cities and towns do not make personalized and individualized efforts to succeed (Clarke, 1997). This is because it is the collective development of these cities and towns that come together to constituent a summative paradigm of global development. To this end, it has always remained very important to researching into various cities and finding out ways in which these cities are shaping up towards the collective achievement of global development. In line with this view, the current research paper is being conducted as a city profile for the city of Sacramento, which is the capital California, the third largest state in the United States of America. Diversity is indeed the spice of life, adding up to the beauty of having options and choices. Because of this almost all modern cities of the world try to have thematic focuses for their development agenda. In this, the focus of Sacramento can be said to be in the area of sustainable tourism development, which is a component of global sustainability. Through sustainable tourism development, the city plays its role in the global call for sustainability through tourism, which is founded on the parameters of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental sustainability (Jafari, 2001). Sacramento, a city with world rich history Summary History History has it that Sacramento had been occupied by Nisenan or Southern Maidu and the Plains Miwok Native Americans for thousands of years before the modern form of settlement that exists now came into existence. A rather unfortunate situation is that there cannot be much of an evidence of the presence of the Native settlers in Sacramento as it is commonly seen of the settlers who later made Sacramento their permanent dwelling place. A little bit of tradition that was left by the Native dwellers that can be seen today is perhaps the kind of diet that is enjoyed in Sacramento even today. Present day Sacramento is believed to have been discovered in the period of 1799 to 1808 by a Spanish explorer named Gabriel Moraga. It was actually Gabriel Moraga who named the Sacramento Valley and Sacramento River, from which Sacramento would later get its independent name (Budeanu, 2005). The name Sacramento had come from Gabriel Moraga’s proclamation that “Es como el sagrado sacramento! which means that “It's like the Holy Sacrament”, referring to the sweet natural appearance of the place he discovered, made up of stable air, rivers, valleys, birds, fish, green forest, and canopies of oaks and cottonwoods” (Clarke, 1997). Location and Weather There are a number of cardinal geographic situations that give Sacramento its unique identification in terms of location. For example it would be noted that the city has cardinal borders with three major points, one of which stretches just 6 kilometers west of downtown, otherwise known as West Sacramento. The other is 48 kilometers northeast and east, right into the Sierra Nevada foothills, and the third point being the south, where Valley Farmland lays 16km away (Jafari, 2001). Sacramento is also located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River, and also connected directly to the San Francisco Bay via the Sacramento River Delta (Fielding and Fielding, 2006). Source: City Data (2013) Climatically, Sacramento would be found to be relatively windy, with the wind being very calm at Wind SW at 2 km/h. Average pressure in humidity stands at 66.7% for most parts of the year and an annual temperature of 16°C. This makes the city possess a Mediterranean climate, which has features including damp to wet land area, mild winters and hot to dry summers for most times of the year. In December and January however, a lot of fog is experienced with barely any snowfall in Sacramento, giving up an annual precipitation levels of 18.52 inches or 470 mm (Fielding and Fielding, 2006). Demographics Sacramento is made up of people from different backgrounds and sharing very different demographic qualities. As of 2010, the population of the city was 466,488 with a population density of 4,660.0 people per square mile or 1,799.2 people per kilometer square. There are people from as varying racial backgrounds as possible with population distribution as given in the table below. Race Population Percentage of total population White 210,006 45.0% African American 80,005 16.6% Asian 85,503 17.8% Pacific Island 6,655 1.4% Other races 57,573 12.3% Native American 5,291 1.1% Two or more races 33,125 7.1% Source: 2010 United States Census Greater percentage of the population, made up of 458,174 people or 98.2% live in households whiles the remaining percentage is shared among those living in non-institutionalized group quarters and institutionalized groups. Those in institutionalized group are 4,046 or 0.9% and those in non-institutionalized group quarters are 4,268, also rounded up as 0.9%. Total households are 174,624 with 33.1% of these having children under 18, living with them. 15.8% of the households were fully managed by females with no husband present, while a reverse of 6.0% of this existed for households with no wife present. Average household size is 2.62 whiles the average family size is 3.37 (Budeanu, 2005). Environmental Conditions Sacramento prides itself as a friend of the environment because of the abundance of natural resource in that city. There are rain forest, wildlife, grassland, arable land, huge water bodies, beaches, lowland areas, mountains, rocky areas, rich aerial base, fertile soil, and several species of animals. Because of the tourism advantages that these environmental properties give to the city, there are legislations and regulations that seek to protect the environment from destruction and degradation. Specifically, there are strict regulations for farming, gaming and fishing that ensure that certain quantities of plants, game and fish are preserved (European Union, 2007). Forestation is a central part of the developmental agenda of the city, such that for every one tree that a person fells, it is a rule to replace with two (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). As an industrial city, there are several huge industrial factories that are located in the premises of the city. Due to the activities of these factories, most of which demand the emission of harmful chemical wastes into the environment, there is a city environmental inspectorate division that is responsible for ensuring that the activities of these factories do not become threatening to the environment. For example the inspectorate enforces recycling and reuse as compared to other forms of exposure (Jafari, 2001). Culture of the People of Sacramento There cannot be said to be a single culture of the people of Sacramento. This is because of the diversity that exists in the racial demography of the people. From the population table presented, it would be noted that none of the races control more than 50% of the population. To this end, there is a very fair and balanced distribution of cultural diversity in the city. Commonly however, studies have showed that because cultural tourism is an important aspect of the sustainable tourism being practiced in the city, the cultures of some groups of people and races have been highlighted and given premium attention, as against what prevails for others (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). Examples of such highlighted cultures are those of Asia and Native America cultures. Generally, there is focus on these two cultures because they are almost rare among other American cities and states. Because of the historical connotation behind the Native American culture also, several people come from all over the world, and from all walks of life to learn and be part of that cultural heritage. On the whole, there has been an adoption of a kind of every form of culture from all major continents of the world because of the rate at which tourists visit the city. This cultural provision accounts for the high level of hospitality experienced by tourists coming from all across the world, as they get places to fit into easily in the society. Current Initiatives Using various variables of developmental assessment such as infrastructure, social amenities, access to education, employment openings, technological advancement among others, it can be said that Sacramento is a developed city as the city has all of these in highly developed and advanced portions. It would be noted that the current charter being operated in Sacramento was unanimously accepted by the people in 1920, and since then, development has not seized in coming (Max-Neef M, 1991). As a capital city, Sacramento is privileged to customer-owned electricity utility that ensures that there is constant supply of electricity to homes, offices and companies (Hunter, 2002). Since 1924, the drinking water of Sacramento has been treated and purified water, supplied by an array of companies, of whom customers can easily switch service from in order to ensure that there is quality of service reception (Max-Neef M, 1991). Since 1949, the Port of Sacramento has served as a business destination for several local and international companies engaged in import and export. In terms of transportation, there are both light rail and heavy rails systems in use at Sacramento, and these are supplemented with excellent road networks. For a very long time, the city has been the head quarters of several international and multinational companies and financial institutions. A number of military bases also exist, with several sporting, health, educational and historic facilities. Modern face of Sacramento Education and Economic Conditions The economy of Sacramento can be directly linked to its educational standards or status. This is because education is a very central focus for the development of the city, making education a compulsory and universal attribute of public life in Sacramento. Currently, there are two public universities with several other private institutions of higher learning. There is a law school, which is the McGeorge School of Law, and many other vocational and technical schools. The idea behind the stratification of educational options and choices is to ensure that no child is left behind or drops behind after elementary school because the child did not get admission or an educational option of his choice. Because education has a direct influence on the economic wellbeing of people, as education leads to employment, most people in Sacramento are identified to be well employed with high levels of remuneration and income. The unemployment rate in Sacramento is below the national average of 7.3%. Over 80% of the people also earn above the minimum wage of 7.25 USD per hour, with a 74% of the population in formal job settings, offering skilled labor (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). With this, most people are able to afford the high cost of living in the city without really getting financially affected. Social Structure Sacramento has a very peculiar social climate that is made up of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. As it has been noted earlier, variety is the spice of life. This kind of social variety that exists in Sacramento therefore makes the city a very appealing place for anybody who belies in socio-cultural integrity. Largely though, the cultures of Native Americans and Spanish culture prevail. But because of the rich tourism background that the city has, it has always served as a hospitable destination for people of every other cultural background. Indeed, the economic state of the city has a lot of influence on its social structure. This is because most of the people are gainfully employed and of the middle to upper class. To this end, spending on social leisure and activities such as entertainment, music, art, movies, clubbing, partying and other forms of social get-togethers is not regarded as expensive or waste of financial resource at all in Sacramento (Ashley et al, 20006). Anybody visiting Sacramento would readily observe a characteristic social trait about the city and that is the fact that there is no form of segregation for people based on their gender, class, race or ethnic backgrounds. Urban Design Characteristics Sacramento has an incredible 100% urban, 0% rural settlement with a well laid out urban design that makes movement of people, vehicles and other resources very easy (Budeanu, 2005). Among the developed urban designs and buildings found in the city are hospitals, of which prominent hospitals like Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Mercy General Hospital, Methodist Hospital, and Sutter Hospital can be mentioned. Kaiser Foundation Hospital (Yelp, 2013). There are also a number of airports and heliports in Sacramento, giving the city a very cosmopolitan view and appearance. Some of the airports and heliports in the city include Sacramento International Airport, Sacramento Executive Airport, Mc Clellan Airfield Airport, and Uc Davis Medical Center Tower Ii Heliport. Very beautiful and architecturally outstanding university, colleges and high school structures are also found in the city with some common ones including Kaplan College-Sacramento Campus, The Art Institute of California-Sacramento, Federico Beauty Institute, and Trinity Life Bible College. Sacramento also has a number of public libraries, markets, churches, cemeteries, golf course, hotels and courts. One of the best parts of the urban design for the city is that there are sufficient unused land sites where future developments have been earmarked to take place. This means that the city has more room for further and future expansions of its current urban state. Political, Planning and Management Structures The political management structure of Sacramento can be described as being both independent and decentralized. The political structure is said to be independent because the city practices a charter city system under a legislative authorization as the Charter of the City of Sacramento. With this system of government, there is the freedom to operate, independent of the larger state system, including the power to elect a city council known as the Sacramento City Council, which is currently made up of 15 districts (European Union, 2007). As an independent political city, the city has a major who controls the affairs of the 15 other city council districts that are under its jurisdiction with the title of a major-council government. Sacramento is also said to practice a decentralized political structure, which is a very core aspect of the planning and management that takes place in the city. With a decentralized planning and management structure, de major delegates power to numerous departments and agencies including the office of the City Manager. This way, development reaches the local people faster and easily because the agents of development live right with them and in their midst. Development is further enhanced with this form of planning and management structure because the bureaucracies in getting the needs of the people to the top hierarchy are reduced (Hunter, 2002). Competition and Collaboration In terms of development and the promotion of tourism, which is a major facet of the story of Sacramento, it can be said that there are key competitions as well as collaborations that Sacramento receives. In terms of competition, mention can be made of cities such as Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco, all of whom are found in the state of California. Sacramento is said to be in competition with these cities in terms of development and the promotion of tourism. The reason this is so is that the larger Californian state has an internal mechanism with which it creates a healthy competition among its key counties and cities. The wisdom behind this is that through individual developments among the various cities, the whole state of California will receive development. In these competitions however, Sacramento seem to have a competitive advantage in the fact that it is the capital city and thus has a lot of state offices and departments. As a way of ensuring consolidate development, Sacramento collaborates with sister cities such as Pasay City in Philippines, Yongsan-gu in South Korean, Jinan in China, among many others. The collaboration leads to exchange of intellectual and professional ideas that are focused on rapid development. A city founded on sustainable tourism development Forms of tourism Sacramento has in many instances paraded itself as the tourist capital of California. Indeed, there is much of an evidence to proof this in the level of tourism destinations that are found in the city. Generally, the forms of tourism in the city can be divided into three namely geographic, parks and garden, and arts and culture. In terms of geographic tourism, the city boasts of several water bodies, which has been measured to cover a total of 2.19% of the total size of the city. There are also several mountains and other highlands which have been adapted for paragliding purposes. In terms of parks of garden, Sacramento has several beautiful parks, which have been well adopted for ecological tourism. Because of the vastness of the park, it has been described as a park system, made up of 5,000 acres of a collection of smaller parks within the city. The art and culture of the people of Sacramento has been described as unique manifestation of the social dynamism. This is because there is a well preserved culture and art of the indigenous American and Spanish people, which is portrayed to the international world through tourism. Interesting, each of these forms of tourism receives very good rate of patronage and participation from both local and internal people. Sustainable Tourism Management Sustainability continues to be a global paradigm that is aimed at ensuring that there is absolute protection for the environment, economy and cultures of the world against depletion. To achieve sustainability, there are several aspects of a city’s structure and system that could be used. At Sacramento, tourism remains one of the most used aspects of the city structure that is used in bringing about sustainability. As a matter of fact, sustainable tourism management is used in such a way that it gives the city a very sentimental identification among peer cities because hardly has any city focused its sustainability agenda directly on tourism (Max-Neef M, 1991). Sustainable tourism management at Sacramento involves a series of actions and processes; key among them is the establishment of an overarching mission statement that incorporates sustainable management systems in the central business operations of all business and city structuring (Ponting and Ponting, 2010). With such a mission statement, the city has gained a focus and direction within which it directs is tourism management and operations. In the Sacramento situation, the preparation of such mission statements are undertaken on an annual basis and as a product of a research and development program taken on sustainable management. Because of this, there is always a professional and technical touch to the mission statement for sustainable tourism management. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism The need to achieve sustainable tourism has been identified to be a shared responsibility that cannot be attained through just a single hand or effort. To this end, there are several people and agencies that have been identified as players in the quest to achieve sustainable tourism in Sacramento. Together, these people and agencies are known as stakeholders in sustainable tourism. In Sacramento, three of these stakeholders are identified as the government, tourism companies, and tourists. Individually, each of these has roles that they play in ensuring that the larger goal of sustainable tourism is achieved for the city. Government as a stakeholder is primarily tasked with the legislative roles of sustainable tourism. That is, government plans and discharges regulations that are focused on attaining growth. Through various macro and micro economic support also, government invest into tourism through the provision of funds to industry players. On the part of tourism companies, they act as service providers who deliver rich sustainable tourism to visitors and guests from all around the world. The actual practice of sustainable tourism is very much dependent on the service providers as they are the people who determine the kind of options of tourism available for tourists (Fielding and Fielding, 2006). The simple role of tourists have been defined as stakeholders who must ensure that they demand for nothing else than sustainable tourism. Economic sustainability Ponting and Ponting (201) have pointed out that economic sustainability is a crucial aspect of sustainable tourism, without which sustainable tourism cannot be achieved. In achieving economic sustainability therefore, they advise that the form of tourism practiced must readily support a viable economic base in the community, must create employment and drives local prosperity. They opine that this will be done “through backward linkages into all kinds of local industries and businesses that comprise and supply the tourism industry” Ponting and Ponting, 2010, p. 9). With definition in mind, it can be said that Sacramento has successfully achieved economic sustainability through tourism because tourism has become one of the most lucrative economic ventures for most local and international businesses and companies. What is more, the indirect benefits of tourism have been enjoyed by most business sectors like hospitality and restaurant sectors that are not directly linked to the tourism industry. Currently tourist attractions such as ARCO Arena, Sacramento Zoo, California State Railroad Museum, Arden Fair in Sacramento, and Fairytale Town in Sacramento, all contribute immensely to sustainable economic development in the city. Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability has been the fulcrum of the sustainable tourism practiced at Sacramento. The reason for giving environmental sustainability the kind of centralized attention it has is that most of the forms of tourism that abounds for the city are directly rooted in its environmental structure. Ponting and Ponting (2010) have explained that “sustainable tourism positively contributes to the quality of its surrounding ecological and natural environments” and it is with basis that environmental sustainability is practiced. For environmental sustainability to be achieved therefore, city authorities have put in place regulations that ensure that the practicing of tourism does not lead to the depletion and destruction of the natural environment. Rather, environmental growth and development are enhanced through tourism. A typical example of this is that there are specially created and raised botanical and zoological gardens that are in place to ensure that there is the continual existence of certain spices of plants and animals. To back the regulations with action, there are also punitive measures against practitioners of tourism whose actions are found to go contrary to regulations to keep the environment healthy. Because of this, green initiatives are used by most tourist sites and other industries related to tourism such as hotel, accommodation and restaurants (Ashley et al, 20006). Socio-cultural sustainability The socio-cultural dimension of sustainability “aims to minimize the negative impact of tourism on host communities whiles supporting their social and cultural integrity” (Ponting and Ponting 2010, p. 11). From this explanation, city authorities at Sacramento approach socio-cultural sustainability from two major perspectives. The first of these is to ensure that the practice of tourism do not take away the rich historic culture of the people of Sacramento, that has been discussed to be made up of indigenous Asian and Native American cultures. This is done by ensuring that visitors and tourists who do visit the city are rather influenced by the culture of Sacramento rather coming to influence Sacramento with its culture. It is very common therefore that, tourists who visit the city will be encouraged to share in the culture of the people through the food they eat, clothes they wear, music they listen to, and the art forms they are engaged in. In the picture below, a section of traditional food that a typical tourist visiting Sacramento is likely to eat is shown. Source: Ponting and Ponting (2010). The second factor used in bringing about sustainable socio-cultural tourism is that tourism does not influence the existing and protected culture of the city negatively. There have been studies that have showed that there are some negative and incompatible aspects of the cultures of some places with others (Clarke, 1997). Once these negative aspects of culture are made to have a place in an existing culture, we shall the existing culture has been negatively influenced. Various forms of sensitization programs are held for the local people on the need to reject all such forms of negative influences of culture. A Dynamic future for Sacramento Failures As the city moves into a future of dynamism, it is important that it is made aware of places and areas of weaknesses and shortfalls so that there can be amends made in improving those areas. In this, two major areas of failures will be pointed out, which are technological advancement and security. With the kind of natural resources that abound for the city, it should be possible for there to be a technological tourism, just as there is a cultural tourism. This can be done by utilizing some of the natural resources into technological museums and artifacts that can be visited by scientists and other tourists from all over the world to learn from. So far however, this has not been achieved because the system of education practiced in the city is very much focused on arts and social sciences to the disadvantage of applied science and technology (Ashley et al, 20006). On the issue of security, there continues to be reports on the security situation in the country whereby cases of theft, robbery, and general chaos have been reported by the security forces and in the media. Indeed, as city that prides itself in hospitality and the reception of visitors and tourists as a major economic opening, it is important that it can guarantee the safety of all people who come to the city. The diagram below gives a crime breakdown statistics for Sacramento. Source: City Date (2013) Successes Once a person is aware of his major strengths and successes, they serve as a guide into the future. This is because the successes and strengths indicate to a person the best directions to take or to repeat in order to bring about guaranteed results. With this in mind, there are two major areas of successes for Sacramento that will be praised and glorified for future endeavors and repetitions. The first of these is the success with sustainable tourism, which for several years to come will remain an enviable fete for the city. Indeed, the way and manner Sacramento has positioned itself to be a global leader in sustainable tourism is a remarkable success that is worth holding on to and even exemplifying in other sectors of the city’s socio-economic structure. The second aspect of success has to do with the successful integrity of a multi-cultural diversity into the social structure of the city. Even though the United States of America is in itself a multicultural country, the way and manner Sacramento has lived this dream and culture can be praised as being phenomenal and exceptional. This is because Sacramento remains one of the cities and for that matter, state capitals with the least cases or reports of racial or any forms of abuses and discrimination (European Union, 2007). With this success, it always become easier for the city to integrate people from all walks of place, visiting it as tourists. Future Developmental Potentials With failures, shortfalls or weaknesses identified, the best form of future development to undertake is one that seeks to correct the failures or shortfalls. In this regard, it will be recommended for Sacramento city authorities that into the future, they must commit so much of their resources, attention and programming into the area of technological tourism. By this, the need for there to be a technology tourist center, where the very resources of nature such as plants, animals, water or air have been advanced into forms of attractive tourism can be set up. If this is done, the tourism potential of the city is certainly going to expand. As the tourism potentials of the city expand, this will lead to improvement in other sectors of life such as economic and social developmental improvements. The second area for developmental potential is in the area of enhanced security. The fact that security is currently a major weakness or failure means that there remain key security potentials in the city which are yet to be tapped. To this end, it is recommended for the dynamic future of Sacramento that there will be a more improved security service and system. This can be done by further equipping the security force in the city. The core strategies and approaches to security that is used by these security agencies must also be improved. As a matter of urgency, the number of security forces in the city must be topped up to ensure that they meet the level of Marketing and promotion of city For all that has been said about Sacramento, especially for the positives and successes, one factor remains, and that is, it should take a constant effort to make the presence of the city felt by people from other places of the world to make the goals of the city in becoming the gateway to America achieved. But to achieve such level of presence, the need for marketing and promotion is very important. Often, there has been a misconception that products and services are the only things that are marketed but this cannot be true. With the vast sustainable tourism potential that remains for Sacramento for instance, a comprehensive marketing plan would ensure that the potentials of the city is exposed to all other potential tourists who have not yet visited the city. Once this is done and there is enough patronage of the city, the economic fortunes of the city will go up. As a means of marketing therefore, the use of the internet and for that matter, social media is recommended. With increasing rate of internet usability, any form of visibility that is done on the internet can have the potential of reaching as many people as possible. Other forms of media such as the use of cable television and international tourism magazines are also recommended. Conclusion The paper has critically studied Sacramento as a modern city of the world through four major variables of studies. For each of these variables, there is a structured conclusion that can be drawn, based on the discussions and findings above. In the first place, it can be said that the history of Sacramento has become a very important yardstick in measuring the scope and trend of development that the city desires. This is because with an idea of where the city is coming from, and some of its key historical successes, it becomes challenged to focus modern development on levels that can be considered as advancement over what previously existed. In terms of modern era of development, Sacramento can be said to have had an enviable global record as one of the world’s fasted developing cities (Hunter, 2002). Perhaps an instrumental feature of this rate of development is in the fact that the city has been identified as being in an indirect competition with other equally popular cities of the world. On sustainable tourism, nothing more than praises can be sung for Sacramento and for that matter all stakeholders who have played contributory roles in ensuring that the city remains an example of sustainability for others. Finally, it will be admitted that there is more room for improvement especially when it comes to the raising of the global popularity of Sacramento because the city has almost everything that most other cities commonly known all the world over have but there is not that level of popularity as compared to names like London, Manchester, Paris, Tokyo, Madrid, Ontario, Beijing, Cairo, among others. References Ashley C., Goodwin H., McNab D., Scott M., Chaves L. (2006). Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership and the Caribbean Tourism Organisation. UK Travel Foundation Budeanu, A. (2005). Impacts and responsibilities for sustainable tourism: a tour operator‘s perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production 13: 89–97, Elsevier Science City Data (2013). Sacramento-California. Accessed October 28, 2013 from http://www.city-data.com/city/Sacramento-California.html Clarke J. (1997). A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(3):224–33 European Union (2007). Investing in our future. The European Union?s Financial Framework 2007-2013. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Fielding N. and Fielding J. (2006). Linking Data. Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 4. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Hunter C. (2002). Sustainable Tourism and the Touristic Ecological Footprint, Environment, Development and Sustainability. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 4: 7-20 Jafari J. (2001). The Scientification of Tourism, Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century. Elmsford NY, Cognizant, 28-41 Mathieson A., and Wall G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical And Social Impacts. Longman: Harlow Max-Neef M. (1991). Human Scale Development: conception, application and further reflections. London: The Apex Press Ponting and Ponting (2009). California Sustainable Tourism Handbook. Accessed October 27, 2013 from http://www.visitcalifornia.com/media/uploads/files/editor/CTTC%20Sustainable%20Tourism%20Handbook.pdf Yelp (2013). Kaiser Foundation Hospital. Accessed October 29, 2013 from http://www.yelp.com/biz_photos/kaiser-foundation-hospital-los-angeles?select=8MGrIBEOGwcVGLcu8fBvAg#8MGrIBEOGwcVGLcu8fBvAg Read More