Bipolar and Personality Disorders & Dehydration and Diarrhea - Research Paper Example

?Paper I: Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder has for many years remained as acute mental disorders that have continued to hit medical headlines in each passing day due to its grave effects (Ketter, 2010). A considerable number of researchers studying Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder have conducted numerous extensive matters on the subject. Interrelation of Bipolar Disorder to Borderline Personality Disorder NANDA, researchers evaluating the interrelation between these mental disorders have done extensive studies on the relationship of the two disorders. This concern is due to the vulnerability these disorders pose (Lesley, 2009). Symptoms Varied research indicates that close to 20% percent of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder might have experienced Bipolar Disorder at certain intervals (Goodwin, 2009). Like Borderline Personality Disorder on the instability of temper as well as the reluctant effect noted on the conduct of a patient can be found on Bipolar Disorder through inconsistent character of temperamental. Most cases of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder portend incidents of Manic and Hypomanic states. This causes a person to feel very animated and superior or in circumstances of mania the affected person might feel very low and depressed during the episode. Relative NANDA research reports provided that at least 10% of persons affected by other psychological disorders indicated to have bipolar disorder concurrently (Lesley, 2009). For instance, persons suffering from BPD experience grave degrees of irritability and varied emotions while those affected with Bipolar Disorder exhibit impulsiveness. However, this evidence might not be accurate according to other results and therefore requires that substantial facts be provided in future (Lesley, 2009). Pharmacological intervention Evidence indicates that environmental aspects have significant roles in the development and course of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Defectiveness in the structure and or performance in certain brain circuits could be a cause Borderline Personality Disorders and Bipolar Disorder (Lesley, 2009). National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MD MDA) argue that persons experiencing Borderline Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder exhibit worry and confusion episodes. Such episodes might magnify the sate of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder based on the pattern and length of episodes experienced. For example, aggravation of both ailments might occur in cases where the episode frequency is longer in duration (Lesley, 2009). Treatment A condition of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder are easily treatable due to major advances in contemporary medicine (Lesley, 2009). Applying benefit versus risk for treatment plans. Lithium drug has been identified and certified as an effective medicine that would help patients Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder to overcome their conditions. Experts argue that this drug basically has the capacity to regulate mood disorder caused by frequent episodes. However, there are those who observe that 40% of people who use do not get cured of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. It is claimed that the drug causes grave side-effects that can damage the ability of its users to cope up with pain (Ketter, 2010). Anticonvulsant medicines are best applicable to people who are not contented with the use of Lithium as medication of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Conditions of extreme Mania from the two are treatable by neuropeltic medications (Goodwin, 2009). There is an option of administering Benzodiazpenes neuroleptics. This drug has a lower damaging side effect for patients of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Teaching patient Interrelations of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder patient require attention from psychoeducational that help patients to adjust and come to terms with having a persistent illness. Since lack of knowledge regarding Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder often provokes despair and can result to the development of fallacies that could encourage substance abuse and therefore causing non-compliance of medication (Lesley, 2009). In general, sufficient information to patients and families regarding the patients’ condition plays a fundamental role in the daily treatment and management of bipolar disorder (Goodwin, 2009). This would enhance treatment compliance that is a principal goal of psycho-educational and is arguably the most important component of every treatment regimen. This is supported by an evaluation on additional therapy of psycho-educational in Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder, (Lesley, 2009) Scott et al. (20) randomly examined 42 patients for a period of 6 months. Thereafter, Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder patients who had already received psycho-educational therapy appeared to have significant improvements by exhibiting lesser depressive symptoms (Ketter, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, the addition of a tested psychotherapy constitutes a suitable augmentation on the effect of treatment and should be routinely considered in the administration of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Medical experts offering care to patients of Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder in future will need to find fundamental early identification on any likely symptoms. This will also help Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder to withstand psychosocial consequences of past and future episodes. Reference Goodwin F (2009). Manic-Depressive Illness: Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, London. Ketter T (2010): Diagnostic features, prevalence, and impact of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71 (6): e14. Lesley B (2009): Living with Bipolar: Vermilion Paper II: Diarrhea and dehydration Diarrhea is a loose and watery stool. Therefore, people having diarrhea mean that these persons are passing loose stool. Chronic diarrhea is a widely spread problem that normally lasts 1 or 2 days and might go away on its own. Chronic diarrhea is usually a condition caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Acute diarrhea is normally related to a functional disorder like irritable bowel syndrome or intestinal ailment like the Crohn’s disease (Allan, 2008). Causes Diarrhea is caused mainly by the following viruses like rotavirus, norovirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis. Diarrhea among others is a major cause of Dehydration therefore making them to interrelate since 3 out of 7 cases of dehydration resulted from diarrhea. Parasites like giardia lamblia entamoeba and cryptosporidium cause diarrhea. These parasites enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Diarrhea and Dehydration could be symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to Diarrhea and Dehydration. Diarrhea and dehydration could also be as a result of Antibiotics, cancer drugs, and antacids that contain magnesium. Diagnosis in cases of Dehydration can either be diagnosed by doctors based on the patient’s earlier medical history or by physical examination of the patient. Besides, there are other lab checks that might be performed to determine causes of Dehydration (NDDIC, 2011). Symptoms Diarrhea and Dehydration might be accompanied by cramping, nausea, abdominal pain, an urgent need to use the bathroom, or loss of bowel control. Some infections that cause Diarrhea can also cause fever and chills or blood stained stools (NDDIC, 2011). Pharmacological intervention In both Diarrhea and Dehydration, medical history and physical examination will require the doctor to evaluate eating habits and medication use and will carry out physical examination to establish signs of illness. Stool culture stool is analyzed in a laboratory to check for parasites, bacteria, or other evidence of disease and infection. Laboratory blood tests Blood tests that would help rule out certain diseases. Examinations of colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy might be applied to detect for signs of intestinal ailments that cause Diarrhea and Dehydration. According to NANDA definition, Dehydration is the decrease in intravascular, interstitial, or intracellular fluid or both in the body of a patient (Crain, 2010). Symptoms exhibited by dehydrated patients are nausea, vomiting, severe headache, chills, swollen tongue, fatigue, excessive sweating, wrinkled skin, dizziness, low blood pressure, increased thirst and yellowish urine. In severe cases patient will exhibit seizures, muscle cramps, confusion, increased heart rate, inability to urinate, high body temperature and difficulty in breathing among others (Allan, 2008). Treatment NANDA recommends that treatment is best approached by taking into account separately the current fluid deficit, ongoing losses, fluid resuscitation requirements, and management requirements (NDDIC, 2011). The amount of fluid, composition, and rate of replacement differ for each. Risks of intervention plan Patient risks experiencing side effects during resuscitation and fluid restoration. These side effects might be acute or mild and range from convulsions, increased fever levels, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, and short or long calls. Depressants and other stabilizers should be administered in order to calm the patient. Infant patients from Diarrhea and Dehydration are most likely to experience fluid imbalances. Therefore, timely recognition and intervention is paramount to prevent the patient from life-threatening hypovolemic shock and eventual death (Crain, 2010). Teaching patient Patients are taught on the benefit of having knowledge on the interrelations between Diarrhea and Dehydration (Allan, 2008). This is because a well informed patient responds positively therefore making treatment and intervention easy. Interrelations are noted in the management in the event of an occurrence of Diarrhea and Dehydration. Evidence provided by random sampling of 25 patients show that 84% out them who are well informed responded significantly through the period of intervention. Follow up records also indicate that 6% out of them is likely to be affected by Diarrhea and or Dehydration (NDDIC, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, symptoms and treatment of Diarrhea and Dehydration are inter-related to each other and therefore it is important to have proper medical attention regularly. The general public needs to be well informed on the symptoms, causes and consequences of Diarrhea and dehydration. Greater attention should especially be applied in small children and elderly people. One thing should be kept in mind about Diarrhea and Dehydration condition should not be ignored at all, since it can lead to serious complication such as kidney failure, heat strokes, or other type of serious illness and even death. References Allan Walker (2008). Walker's pediatric gastrointestinal disease: physiology, diagnosis, management, Volume 1. PMPH - USA. Crain Ellen (2010). Clinical Manual of Emergency Pediatrics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. National digestive disease Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC): (2011): Diarrhea: retrieved on 16/05/2011,from;http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/index.htm Read More