Ship Design and Construction - Report Example

Ship Design and Construction Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date of Submission: Ship design is the process where inland waterways or marines transportation problems. The problems are characterized through transporting the given flow of cargo from different points. The design of a ship specifies all the systems required for the dimensioned ship. The development occurs through the necessary information required to assemble and develop the ship. The knowledge and application concerning the design of the ship are not limited only to the actual development of the ship designs. The development and improvement derive from the designs that have been subcontracted or other ships that have been purchased. Describe the stages of ship design from concept to delivery The stages of a ship design are described using the flow design of the ship. The stages include concept design, preliminary design, contract design, detail design production stage, and delivery stage/ship owner. The concept, preliminary and initial stages consist of the basic design of a ship. Concept Design The concept considers the development of the new design and improvement of the existing design. The process is significantly extensive as it ranges from the development of a new concept of the ship or improving the ship designs that already exist. Some of the developments and improvements derive from the ship’s owner information of the yard own that is used to obtain orders in the future (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003). Thus, the stage involves the ship type definition, service speed, propulsion type of the assignment and the deadweight. Preliminary Design The stage considers the hull dimensions among other coefficient values. The determinants of the fundamentals essentials and adequate to allow the approximation of the ship and exploitation costs. The stage of preliminary is useful for providing the detailed specifications of the ship including the price and delivery date of the ship owner. For instance, when a client provides specific specifications regarding the construction of the ship such as principal dimension limits, ship speed, and dead weight among others (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003). Initial Design and Contract Design The stage consists of the stage when the contract of the shipbuilding is finished. The yards chosen develop the initial design that determines the dominant items of the ship such as machines and hull structure. Detail Design/Production Stage/ Delivery Stage The stage involves generating detailed drawings with sufficient information concerning the production of the vessel in question. The initial design drawings are developed in more detail to yard drawings. The midship hull structure is the only details developed in the initial stage. Thus, in the initial stage, details of yard drawings, aft, and forward structures, strength analysis are finished. The detailed stage considers the productions of the designs already finished (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003). The production process provides the production schedule among others as provided below. It is during this stage that the delivery stage is reached. Delivery involves after the sea trial has been conducted and passed and the owner makes the final payment and receives the ship. Production flow (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003) Explain Different Materials and Methods of Ship Construction A ship can be considered a large watercraft that can be used to transport people and other cargo related goods from one place to another. The construction of a ship usually takes place in the shipyard, and the process can end up taking some years to complete. In most cases, the Hull materials and the size of the ship are some of the vital factors that will be used to determine the method to be used for the construction. Therefore, this section will explore different methods and materials that are used in the construction of a ship. For the stability and loading of the ship, it is imperative to ensure that the sailing condition is dealt with accordingly. It is necessary, therefore, to use a proper sequence of ballasting that will serve to ensure that the vessel remains stable throughout its journey (MSISO03, n.d.). Additionally, gadgets that will sound warning about the effects of high winds, dangers associated with icing in the Arctic waters and unique features regarding the cargo’s behavior should also be considered in the line of construction. For a ship that is designed specifically for ferrying containers, its construction should indicate the arrangement, size, maximum laden and unladen weight of the different containers to be carried on board (MSISO03, n.d.). Therefore, the following conditions should be put into considerations to ensure that a functional and sea worthy vessel is put in place. For a ship that is designed to carry loads that are light in weight, its condition should indicate items that should be considered as permanent part of the lightship. There is an option of using permanent ballast or not. Ballast is an element that is frequently used for providing stability not only to a ship but also to a vehicle (MSISO03, n.d.). The homogeneous loading condition for departure, demands that all the spaces should be filled a homogeneous cargo to enable loading of the ship down to the loading line. Additionally, there should be an arrival condition where materials used should be able to indicate that the oil, fuel, fresh water and consumable stores are reduced to greater lengths. One of the methods that can be used to construct a ship can be the use of prefabricated sections where he ship’s segments are built elsewhere and transported to the slipway. Furthermore, the naval architecture can be carried out using the “ship model basin.” This process involved taking into consideration the dimensions and detailed drawing of the plan and translating the information into templates and other useful data that can be deemed as vital in the construction process. In recent cases, there has been an improvement in the construction of the ship. Today most engineers have resorted to using computer-aided designs that serve to carry out the designing process and the process of lofting. Additional materials that are used in the construction of the ship vessels may include the use of wood. Hardwood such as teak and cedar contain natural chemicals that are capable of preventing any rot. Aluminum is the lightest material that can be used on a vessel meant to float on water. Another material that can be used is the “Ferro cement,” which is very suitable for the construction of cruisers that may serve to allow sea passages in a comfortable manner. They are also best suited for the building of the ancient hull forms. Explain the Structural Components and Their Functions in the Construction of Different Ships The construction of the ship will include several estimation of the length, breath and depth among others as provided below. The length of the ship controlled by the quayside space available = 112.5m. The length provided is not the maximum due to the restrictions of other canals such as St Lawrence canal. Thus, to meet the requirements of most of the canals, the maximum and minimum requirements are used to provide the dimensions. Ship breadth controlled by canal width or ship stability = 15.60m Ship depth, which is controlled by the merging of both the freeboard and draft = 7.20m. The height applies to ensure the ship can pass well under a bridge. Ship draft, which is controlled by the depth of water in most ports the ship travels (maximum depth) due to the global trade it intends to engage in = 8.0 m The following dimensions are estimated about the dimensions provided above. However, the appropriate dwt for the ship is 6700 tons given the ship is a cargo ship. The main Cd used with such dwt is 0.715. Deadweight is only important in cargo ships. Cd = dwt/ W W = dwt/Cd W = 6700/0.715 = 9371 tons Lwt = 9371 – 6700 = 2671 Ship lightweight = 2671 tons Deadweight= 6700 tons Displacement = 9371 tons Assuming that the vessel will also have to pass through the Panama routes while connecting to different portions of the biosphere, there are some factors to consider that must be met. Therefore, the construction of the cargo ship will be dependent on some of the maximum and minimum dimensions provided for ships operating through the Panama Canal. That is; the dimensions provided above are reliant on these requirements. The construction of a ship encompasses the development of numerous components for different ships. The client wants a ship to operate the cargo trading in the entire world. The vessel will engage in multi-purpose activities. Thus, according to the stability booklet, the construction includes the development of cargo spaces, and store rooms among others to be stated in the analysis. The construction of the cargo ship will involve the following dimensions. The maximum tonnage to be loaded: Length (L) * Breadth (B) * PL (Permissible Load) = 27 * 21 * 12 tons/m2 = 6, 804 tons Volume load: 6, 804 tons @ 3 tons/ cubic metre = 2, 268 cubic metres Stow Height: 2, 268/567 = 4.0 metres. (n.b. 567 = 27 *21) Thus, the formula used to calculate safely the amount of weight that can be added to the tons is 0.5 (l * b *PL) tons. Since the length is 27m and breadth is 4 meters, then the additional tons that can be added include 0.5 (27 *4 * 12) = 648 meters. At three tons/m3 648 metres should occupy 216m3. Thus, regarding the base area to occupy it should include 108 m2 (27 *4) and regarding 2 metres, height (216/108). Thus, the cargo load to be included in the ship at the overall four meters should include 8,100. Table 1 Compartment Location (Frame Numbers) Deck Number 1 Frame Number 0 centerline ship position 0 compartment Use Letters 1. Bale capacity refers to the cubic capacity of space within the ship when the breadth is reserved from the inside of the cargo boards, the depth from the ceiling to the bottom of the deck beams. It also includes the length of the inner parts of the bulkhead stiffeners (Eyres & Bruce, 2012). 2. Grain capacity refers to the cubic capacity of space inside the ship when the lengths within the ship, breadths and depths are booked right to the plating. An allowance is developed for the capacity employed by edges and beams. As presented above, various structural components are in involved in the construction of a ship. These components may include; the main deck, which is also known as the strength deck. The Deck is a structural feature of a ship that serves different functions like strengthening decks, cargo, and passenger accommodation decks (Fricke & Kahl, 2005). All the decks are imperative in the sense that they contribute to the strength of the ship. The decks can permit loading and offload of cargo. Heavy deck plating takes place on the hatch openings as a way of strengthening the deck. The plating thickness may be increased where in places where the ship will have many loads concentrated at a particular location. Superstructures can be described as the erections that are found above the freeboard deck. On the other hand, deckhouses can be described as the type of erections, which are in line with the side of the ship (Fricke & Kahl, 2005). These structures are crucial in the sense that they serve to provide maximum protection for the openings. Additionally, their bulkheads are designed in such a way that they should be able to withstand the force that may come from the sea. The structures are also meant to provide protection to the machinery openings. The strength of the vessel is also paramount, particularly when the superstructures and deckhouses serve to terminate. Each structure is meant to be fully utilized whereby the crew will be facilitated within the poop structure and passenger liners that may have considerable areas of the upper structure. The failure of ship components derives from several failures of materials or components as provided below: Failure Deck Engine Total Brittle 10 2 12 Fatigue 3 62 65 Stress corrosion 7 21 28 creep 0 2 2 Other 1 12 15           21 101 122 Shell plating is another structural component that serves to create the watertight skin of the ship. It also contributes to the longitudinal strength and capable of resisting any vertical form of forces from the sea (Simonsen, 1997). It is designed and fully equipped with the function of enhancing the internal strengthening of the ship. Thereby, it prevents the plating under various loads to collapse. Bottom shell plating ensures that the thickness of the keel plate remains constant. Side hell plating takes place where vertical stress tends to occur. It is usually found around the bulkheads that are allowed to carry heavy cargo materials. Use of Grades while using Steel Material Thickness of Plate Grade 40 mm D The bottom shell may require a transverse or longitudinal framing depending on the size of the ship. Longitudinal type of framing is preferred in the case where the ship in question is a larger one. It is preferred, as larger ships are known to carry so many items. The bulky nature may be because of having many passengers on board and cargo. On the other hand, transverse framing is preferred in the cases where light ships are involved In the ship, the Keel frames serve to support the hull. It also gives the ship a definite shape and the much-needed strength while on the sea. The frames are numbered from the first one until the last stern frame depending on the length of the ship. These numbers of frames, which are parallel from the keel all the way to the stern, are known as clamps. These are meant to offer additional support to the transverse deck beams upon which the entire deck will be laid. Finally, the hull can be viewed as a single beam, which is capable of bending down at the center and bending up from the center. These functions are because hull holds heavy cargo materials and due to the length of the ship (Bertram & Schneekluth, 1998). Ship coefficients Stability” information/booklet calculate the following, a. the block co-efficient The block coefficient is perceived as a TEU function. Block coefficient is presented as Cb. it is the moulded coefficient at draught d that corresponds to the summer load waterline, which is based on the rule length L and moulded breath B(Barass, 2004). L is not less than 96% and not bigger than 97%. The formula for Cb = Cb = moulded displacement [m3] at draught d / LBd Deadweight coefficient = Cd Cd = deadweight/displacement = dwt/w As provided above, the deadweight coefficient = 6700/9371 Cd = 0.71 Block coefficient = 9371/112.5 *15.0 * 0.715 Cb = 9371 / 1, 206.56 Cb = 7.767 a. the prismatic co-efficient it is the displacement ration volume of a ship that presents the equal prism in length of the perpendicular distance of the ship and it is in cross section to the midship immersed section. It is presented as CP CP = Block coefficient/ midsection coefficient Thus, to calculate cp, midship has to be calculated first. Cp = 7.767 / 0.67 Cp = 11.59 b. The midship area co-efficient. The midship coefficient is attained at any draft as the ratio immersed area to the rectangular breadth equal to the moulded depth and breadth of the ship The formula for the midship coefficient is attained through: Cm = immersed area of the midship section/ B * T The midship area coefficient of small cargo ships ranges between 0.97 -0.98 and about 0.62 for large vessels H = the depth of the immersed midship section Cm = 7.20 / 15.0 * 0.715 Cm = 7.20 / 10.725 Cm = 0.67 International regulations for building this cargo vessel One of the main requirement that such commercial vessels ought to undertake according to the law is that the cargo shipper and the underwriter mist insure the maritime risk. That is; the shipper and the underwriter must show evidence that the vessel is fit to undertake the proposed voyage. It is attained through the set national and international systems developed to inspect the ships assuring the maintenance and classification provided is as required. Other national and international inspections required include the in-water surveys, special surveys, maintenance surveys where the inspectors inspect the structural items. The damage repairs made are also inspected (Eyres & Bruce, 2012). The international law holds that periodical surveys must be provided by the chief engineer regarding the maintenance of the ship and changes, as well as damages that occurred and were amended within the ship. VVerification of machines must also be periodically presented. Mechanical testing is also conducted and any approvals of consumables in the ship. There are also requirements that ensure the cargo oil tanks are protected due to the probability of corrosion. The design load, mooring and anchoring equipment’s to support the stability of the ship should be provided among others as described in (PIRS, 2014). The important aspects of any ship that must be provided before the ship start operation include (MSISO03, n.d.). a. The ships name, the official number of the ship, and owners address and name. b. The port where the ship was registered and the name of the builders, ship number, and address. c. It must show the moulded numbers and dimensions in metres, and date keel laid, as well as load draught in metres. d. The block coefficient, deadweight, displacement, net and gross tonnage must be provided. Bar graph demonstrating the build sequence and time frame of building such a vessel Activity Start Date (2016 -2021) Duration (months) Design 1-Jun 6 confirmation 1-Jan 6 Project planning 1-Jul 12 contracting 1-Jul 7 Hull construction 1-Feb 6 Tank Air tests 1-Aug 6 Furnishing 1-Feb 2 Electrical installation 1-Apr 6 Machineries installation 1-Nov 6 Piping 1-Mar 3 Launching 1-Jul 3 Inclining test 1-Nov 3 Machineries Testing 1-Mar 3 Survey and Sea Trial 6/1/2011 3 Delivery 9/1/2021 3 References Barass, B., 2004. Ship Design and Perfomance for Masters and Mates. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bertram, V. & Schneekluth, H., 1998. Ship Design for Efficiency and Economy. 2 ed. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Eyres, J. D. & Bruce, J. G., 2012. Ship Construction. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fricke, W. & Kahl, A., 2005. Comparison of different structural stress approaches for fatigue assessment of welded ship structures. Marine structures, 18(7), pp. 473-488. Mansour, A. E. & Ertekin, R., 2003. Proceeding of the 15th International Ship and Offshore Structures congress: 3 Volume Set. 3 ed. New York : Elseiver. MSISO03, n.d. Stability Information Booklet. Stability Booklet Guide, pp. 1-27. PIRS, 2014. Rules and regulations for the construction and classification of steel ships. Indian Register of Shipping, pp. 1-21 OF 7. Simonsen, B. C., 1997. Ship grounding on rock—I. Theory. Marine Structures, 10(7), pp. 519-562. Read More

Thus, in the initial stage, details of yard drawings, aft, and forward structures, strength analysis are finished. The detailed stage considers the productions of the designs already finished (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003). The production process provides the production schedule among others as provided below. It is during this stage that the delivery stage is reached. Delivery involves after the sea trial has been conducted and passed and the owner makes the final payment and receives the ship.

Production flow (Mansour & Ertekin, 2003) Explain Different Materials and Methods of Ship Construction A ship can be considered a large watercraft that can be used to transport people and other cargo related goods from one place to another. The construction of a ship usually takes place in the shipyard, and the process can end up taking some years to complete. In most cases, the Hull materials and the size of the ship are some of the vital factors that will be used to determine the method to be used for the construction.

Therefore, this section will explore different methods and materials that are used in the construction of a ship. For the stability and loading of the ship, it is imperative to ensure that the sailing condition is dealt with accordingly. It is necessary, therefore, to use a proper sequence of ballasting that will serve to ensure that the vessel remains stable throughout its journey (MSISO03, n.d.). Additionally, gadgets that will sound warning about the effects of high winds, dangers associated with icing in the Arctic waters and unique features regarding the cargo’s behavior should also be considered in the line of construction.

For a ship that is designed specifically for ferrying containers, its construction should indicate the arrangement, size, maximum laden and unladen weight of the different containers to be carried on board (MSISO03, n.d.). Therefore, the following conditions should be put into considerations to ensure that a functional and sea worthy vessel is put in place. For a ship that is designed to carry loads that are light in weight, its condition should indicate items that should be considered as permanent part of the lightship.

There is an option of using permanent ballast or not. Ballast is an element that is frequently used for providing stability not only to a ship but also to a vehicle (MSISO03, n.d.). The homogeneous loading condition for departure, demands that all the spaces should be filled a homogeneous cargo to enable loading of the ship down to the loading line. Additionally, there should be an arrival condition where materials used should be able to indicate that the oil, fuel, fresh water and consumable stores are reduced to greater lengths.

One of the methods that can be used to construct a ship can be the use of prefabricated sections where he ship’s segments are built elsewhere and transported to the slipway. Furthermore, the naval architecture can be carried out using the “ship model basin.” This process involved taking into consideration the dimensions and detailed drawing of the plan and translating the information into templates and other useful data that can be deemed as vital in the construction process. In recent cases, there has been an improvement in the construction of the ship.

Today most engineers have resorted to using computer-aided designs that serve to carry out the designing process and the process of lofting. Additional materials that are used in the construction of the ship vessels may include the use of wood. Hardwood such as teak and cedar contain natural chemicals that are capable of preventing any rot. Aluminum is the lightest material that can be used on a vessel meant to float on water. Another material that can be used is the “Ferro cement,” which is very suitable for the construction of cruisers that may serve to allow sea passages in a comfortable manner.

They are also best suited for the building of the ancient hull forms. Explain the Structural Components and Their Functions in the Construction of Different Ships The construction of the ship will include several estimation of the length, breath and depth among others as provided below.

Read More