Stress-strain Behavior of Rubberized Concrete - Coursework Example

Student Name Lecturer’s Name Course Date Stress-strain Behaviour of Rubberized and General Concrete Introduction The literature on the development and usage of the stressed-strain behaviour of rubberized and general concrete is wide and formative. However, the study of the rubberized method of engineering highlights various aspects that have contributed to the shift of engineering sector from traditional to contemporary ideas. Therefore, this section aims to evaluate different types of scholarly literature that review, analyse, and study the stress-strain behaviour of the rubberized and general concretes. Rubberized concrete Concrete is an essential element in the creation of construction material in the world. However, many scholars and scientists have provided a more diversified construction material that is eco-friendly, inexpensive, and outstanding. The discovery of rubberized concrete followed the great demands of seeking better building materials that contribute to sustainable development (Antil and Mohali 309). Notably, the huge size of rubber tyres wastes and other rubber products being produced daily creates a more serious disposal problem to environmental sustainability (Dumne 321). This is because these products waste thereby polluting the environment. However, the idea to produce concrete rubber was substantially supported since environmental reports showed that they have less impact compared to tyres and other rubber products. The analyses argued that concrete rubber waste is an elastic material with less gravity and energy absorbent materials that can use as the supplementary material for creating lightweight concrete (Shehata, Carneiro, and Shehata 50). The introduction of rubber in the concrete making is among the most recent ideas in engineering. The collective use of rubber in concrete aim at improving the elasticity and durability of the concrete (Antil and Mohali 311). First, rubber in concrete appears like an additive form of composite that is suitable to moderately replace the old-fashioned style of making concretes (Youssef, Feng, and Mosallam 614). In many cases, this addition has replaced natural aggregate thereby in reducing the compressive strength of the concrete. The fact that rubber is lightweight compared to traditional steel makes the rubberized concrete to be more prevalent than the steel-made (Han et al. 572). This has been the primary reason why modern engineers go for rubber concrete especially when building massive projects such as an airport, railway tunnels, bridges, and skyscrapers. The recent study views rubberized construction materials on the number of rubber and coarse aggregates that make up the properties and ratio of elements in the concrete (Dumne 74). Therefore, rubberized concrete is a modified engineering element whose ratio for coarse aggregates by rubber aggregates in the replacement proportion varies from 0% to 20% with a rapid increment of 5% (Antil and Mohali 310). Therefore, the statistical facts of developing a rubberized concrete require the understanding of physiomechanical concepts and properties such as elasticity, compressive strength, and density (Kodur 278). These properties have provided a more diversified outlook of the key combinations that can produce rubberized concrete. To this end, concrete cubes were used to experiment the creation, testing, and analyse the stresses and displacements of the beams when subjected to particular conditions (Chakravarthy 74). The existence of rubberized concrete in the world began with the study of the combinable properties, which can give alternatives to the ancient building materials. However, contemporary studies have explored and indicated the effects of rubber content and rubber types on the mechanical properties of the concrete (Shehata, Carneiro, and Shehata 52). Therefore, primary properties examined in these experimentations include modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, strain at maximum strength, flexural strength, and compressive stress-strain curves of Rubberized Concrete (RC) (Maranan et al.540). All these properties have been evaluated extensively in the databases featuring the mechanical properties of RC from different samples. In an article published by Ishtiaq Alam, Umer Ammar Mahmood, and Nouman Khattak, rubber is a common product that is produced extensively in the world (Ombres 300). It is not possible to eliminate rubber in the modern society since its decomposition rate is longer. This poses the threat of long-term environmental pollution is no measures are taken. According to Alam and associate authors, one paramount method of reusing rubber was to add it to concrete making as a coarse aggregate (Dumne 2015). However, deeper research on the rubber properties such as ductility, tensile strength, and compressive strength was succinctly conducted and contrasted with the ordinary concrete (Amani et al. 475). As a result, it was sensible to create rubberized concrete that is durable, has greater crack resistance, and less ductile, but has the low compressive ability when matched with ordinary concrete. Since the introduction of rubber concrete, better ideas have been proposed to improve the compressive strength (Ombres 300). Some of the popular ways suggested include the addition of silica to the combination. Therefore, mechanical scholars and structural engineers have utilized this idea, which now has become an essential part of environment sustainability. Stress-strain Test on General Concrete The differences between general and rubberized concretes are endless. However, the stress-strain strength is among the key aspects of their dissimilarities since one have rubber properties (Kodur 141). Before the discovery of rubberized concrete, ordinary or general concrete was used extensively in constructions across the world. In a study led by Priyanka Asutkar, Rakesh Patel, and Shinde, the Method of Initial Functions (MIF) focused on the properties of ordinary concrete called composite beams (Ombres 284). These beams were created without a rubber and were subjected to the stress-strain test. The test was conducted according to bending theory that measures the elasticity and ductility of the materials. Most importantly, MIF used equations to govern and analyse the flexure of the ordinary concrete in the amalgamated laminated beams (Chakravarthy 85). The strain test was conducted without any assumption of the elements in the physical behaviour of the beams. Nevertheless, MIF is used to derive the equations of the analytical arguments and practical methods of elasticity theory of the stress-strain tests (Kono, Inazumi, and Kaku 41). In addition, these notions allow engineers to obtain the exact facts and solutions for certain problems such as crack resistances. This is done without necessarily using hypotheses about the nature of the concrete towards the stress-strain to the structural element. Indeed, theoretical and experimental studies have indicated the intensity and effects of stress-strain to the general concrete. The stress-strain tests are conducted with respect to specific factors that measure the ultimate strength of the general concrete, stress-strain curve that give the modulus of concrete elasticity, and the concrete stress. Moreover, the strain test report for the ordinary concrete depends on the data collected including the resulting change in length and the applied load (Mohamed, Afifi, and Benmokrane 221). The study of the ordinary concrete extends to the components that determine its elasticity. There are three-dimensional resistance approaches that can help evaluate the cause and effect of a particular property to the problem. It is believed that experimental findings of the mechanical behavioural tests on general concrete are far much different from rubberized construction materials. The related literature indicates that the gap between these two forms is dynamic and static (Kodur 164). A brief overview of the existing general concrete usages such as pavements and roads show low crack resistance. Deeper analyses cite the absence of rubber as the main cause of this weakness (Antil and Mohali 316). The fact that general concretes do not have rubber properties makes them weak and unfit for long-term construction. The structural developments in the concrete science have recently brought major changes in the construction and application (Parveen and Sharma 214). Moreover, general or ordinary concrete has been used in large part of structural steel in developed nations. In addition, this has pre-stressed and reinforced concretes that are still being exercised in building (Han et al. 583). All these have been successful due to concrete strength and ability to withstand harsh conditions such as typhoons Sand earthquakes. The Effect of Confinement (Ligature) on General Concrete The structural understanding of the general concrete involves the physical properties that show its hardness and elasticity. The analytical methods used to highlight the limits of the ordinary concrete involved the estimation rationale of the design and strength elements (Demers et al. 437). This has led to the development of consultative talks among the construction individuals who have reviewed the effects of certain elements of the normal concrete (Uddin 14). The fact that many concrete structures are designed to meet the realistic estimate of the testing load has led to the emergence of little computational effort. In many cases, the selection of basic materials and mixing proportions have caused high strength on the concrete (Shehata, Carneiro, and Shehata 56). This has improved structural strength, stability, and durability than the general concrete. It is vital to note every concrete represents a complex two-phase material that comprises of aggregate and cement paste (Ombres 294). Therefore, the methods of improving concrete strength are classified into three distinct parts namely bond between aggregate and cement matrix, strength upgrading of cement mixture, and aggregate (Maranan et al.529). These methods hold the key answers to the durability and wellness of a concrete structure. It is known that the ductility and strength of concretes are dependent on the stipulated level of confinement as stated by various factors. Specifically, it is presumed that these properties are connected to the level and amount of the lateral reinforcement (Kodur 147). To understand this correlation, researchers integrate qualitative methods and procedures to examine the source and significance of every component in the structure. For instance, in the flexural and rational design of ordinary concrete, the deformability and strengths are interrelated to depict the simultaneous relationships between the key properties (Kaufmann 68). In addition, the design codes, evaluation of deformability, and the design of strength of confinement are the vital independent parameters that determine the concrete strength and modulus (Bakis et al. 440). Other influential factors found in the design codes are confinement content and the steel yield strength. To this end, the provision of current design codes has not sufficiently addressed the deformability and structure of the concrete beams. This inefficiency has raised the complexities of the ductility behaviour of general concrete with analytical and experimental confinement (Han et al. 573). This has led to the increase of investigative studies that seek to transverse the reinforcement ratio as viewed on the experimental tests (Hankare, and Deshmukh 330). Additionally, the beam ductility has shown the importance of revisiting and reforming the basic principles of making a reinforced concrete. Moreover, the new and existing concretes in the civil engineering solely depends on different dimensions and practices of structural development. In this case, the use of geometry and tactical approaches to evaluate general concrete has illustrated a better understanding of the flexural strengths and elasticity (Chidambaram and Agarwal 271). The confinement effect has been utilized to help understand the strengths, confining stresses, and reinforcements found in the ordinary concrete. Therefore, literature has indicated the relationship between concrete structures and their elements (Kono, Inazumi, and Kaku 71). To this end, the proposed Popovics model aims to control the shape, type, and elements of the stress-strain curve (Hankare, and Deshmukh 330). In addition, the model has shown the intentions to develop a simple, explicit, and constant expression that can exhibit either softening or hardening of the concrete beams (Chakravarthy 14). Moreover, the general concrete model provides a more unified platform for showing the stress-strain behaviour of the confined concrete. The confinement includes different materials such as FRP and Steel that help overcome complexity or inconsistency parameters (Youssef, Feng, and Mosallam 614). The purpose of all any concrete model is to validate and compare the stress-strained behaviour to the versatility and flexibility of the model. The effect of strain rate on the compressive strength of general concrete A few years ago, general concrete had the normal strength of specified compressive strength of between 3,000 psi to 6,000. However, the recent discovery of stronger components has increased this strength range from 3,000 psi to 8,000 psi. This development has seen new elements being added while others are eliminated in the manufacturing of ordinary concrete (Uddin 17). The primary objective of these combinations is to increase the durability of a structure through high concrete strength. It is crucial to note that the definition of the compressive strengths and ductility lacks standard criterion for understanding the concrete elasticity (Maranan et al.529). This is because time and geographical locations tend to affect the strength of a contract. However, the average stress-strain strength depends on the consideration of time and geographic basis. In addition, the stress-strain test showed that general concrete is designed with definite compressive strength for the strategy of 6000 psi or larger (Kono, Inazumi, and Kaku 38). This elasticity does not include exotic techniques or materials. Ideally, the experimentations included the ductility and behaviour of the properties when subjected to strain. Essential elements of a high strength general concrete applied in building code are high modulus and high strength of elasticity (Chen 63). This has included dissimilar practices and processes that involve diversified features of making a stronger concrete. Preferably, this does not require the use of rubber as an additive of the construction material. Once the general concrete was subjected to the stress-strain test, the behaviour of the beams was far much beyond the modality of the vital elements (Chen 41). The fact that physical locations and environmental factors influenced the concrete behaviour is the main reason why mechanical engineers and scholars decided to introduce rubber in the engineering industry. On the other hand, the recent studies have analysed the stress-strained behaviour in general concrete and rubberized materials. The confinement of the concrete with properties and composites such as Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has been developed (Parveen and Sharma 84). This resembles the formation of new designs and manufacturing patterns including seismic structures that have reinforced concretes (Youssef, Feng, and Mosallam 620). For instances, areas prone to earthquakes require structures with high crack resistance, high elasticity, ductility, and strength. Notably, seismic structures are set up in such disastrous areas (Dubina et al. 20). The potential of using better additives such as plastics and rubber have been cited as viable alternatives of improving the ductility and strength of structures. The primary purpose of developing such designs is to ensure that constructed structures can withstand large quakes (Bakis et al. 440). As such, adequate ductility in the modern and historic structures have indicated the benefits of reinforced general concrete frames. One of the key functions of the strengthened and confined concrete is that beams are durable, lightweight, and effective. In the previous tests, confinement in normal concrete was signified by the suitable arrangements of differentiated transverse strengthening results (Chakravarthy 124). The adjustments have been caused by the significant rise in ductility and strength. Most importantly, the slope of the concrete stress-strain curve and the strength garnered from confinement have a considerable effect on the overall flexibility and flexural strength of reinforced concrete (Amani et al. 467). Additionally, the effects of confinement to the general concrete are well evaluated in a comprehensive experimental program that includes mixed sizes and types of beams. On the other hand, the researchers aim to develop a concise understanding of the confinement ratios that determine the strength and ductility of concrete (Demers et al. 435). Preferably, the detailed study of the ordinary concrete from the perspective of structural formation argued that stress-strain, compressive strength, and cross-sectional geometry are the basic factors influencing the outcome of stress-strain behaviour (Chen 20). Additionally, these factors were scrutinised statistically and theoretically based on the trial data and equations. Therefore, the strain rate shows the ductility and strength of the concrete when subjected to various tests. It is important to note that time and geographical location among other determinative factors affect the strain rate. For instance, old general concretes may comprise of weak properties that have low ductility and resistance thereby affecting their strain rate (Amani et al. 470). Arguably, the compressive load until the failure is believed to have a significant impact on the measurement of strain and stress (Mohamed, Afifi, and Benmokrane 174). The maximum stress of the general concrete determines the ultimate strength and ductility of a structure. Some of the vital factors analysed in the compressive load behaviour are stress-strain behaviour and the modulus of elasticity (Belletti, Walraven, and Trapani 28). Moreover, these factors are directly proportionate to the shape and size of the structure being implemented. Engineers and mechanical experts are required to use stress equation and provide succinct solutions to the compressive failure. Remarkably, the data gathered by these experts is used to formulate viable responses to the structure inefficiencies (Kaufmann 25). Additionally, the strain rate recorded from a measuring device indicates the relationship between concrete stress and concrete strain. The two are plotted to give a graphical representation of the displacement and reinforcement of products. Considerably, the interdependence of strain and stress showed the concrete strength where the area allocates the maximum load under the curve (Chidambaram and Agarwal 275). However, the insufficiency of practical findings on the stress-strain curve has hindered the development of more concise argumentations on structural strength. Size Effect of Experimental Concrete Samples The success of a theoretical and practical research depends on the accuracy and relationship between the dependent and independent variable. Specifically, a valid research contains a handful of factors that present an exemplified conclusion. However, the research questions, thesis, and hypotheses are presumed to have a tremendous influence on the findings. Therefore, every investigatory topic contains pros and cons which may arise from experimental procedures, variables, or samples. According to the related literature, the circumferential strain in concrete strength enables the researcher to evaluate the aggravating factors and strongholds of the strain rate (Han et al. 573). However, the axial strain rate varies while the circumferential rate remains constant (Pessiki et al. 237). Both rates depend on the size of concrete samples used in the research. Contemporary studies have provided a cohesive outlook of evaluating compressive changes in the concrete texture and components. In some instances, the scope of concrete science has extended to incorporate better understanding and analysis of the deformation behavior (Kono, Inazumi, and Kaku 41). This focus on the structural concrete that is subjected to normal and in-plane forces. In addition, this has examined concretes from their development nature and adjustments. This includes the study of membrane elements that have a homogeneous state (Belletti, Walraven, and Trapani 25). Therefore, experimental outcome is based on the governing parameters that assess the logical setting of the deformation capacity, applicability theory, and current concrete designs. This means that size affects the normalities of provisions that can critically supplement, harmonise, and review the underlying relationships and assumptions of experimental concrete samples. The size and shape of a concrete sample define the fracture process and compressive strength (Dubina et al. 16). According to a research article titled Strength and Deformations of Structural Concrete Subjected to In-Plane Shear and Normal Forces, scholars stated that strain-softening or hardening behaviour of a concrete beam in compression depends on the sample size and the concrete strength (Belletti, Walraven, and Trapani 25-39). In this case, high strength concrete specimens may have a brittle nature rather than normal strength and ductility. This relationship represented the elasticity of a specific energy that is collected from a proportionate normal concrete strength (Maranan et al.534). This difference may result to the inefficiency of course and aggregate particles. Similarly, this acts as the replacement of matrix-particle interfaces of the fracture energy. The aggregate materials used in the experimental concrete samples assert that fracturing process, strength, and ductility depend on the size and shape of the specimen (Dubina et al. 35). The size has been evaluated as a fundamental property of defining the materials used in studying the aggregate behaviour. Notably, the hardening and settling process is a chemical reaction that happens between cement and water. Once the concretes have been created, samples are taken to measure their workability, cohesiveness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and durability. Each of these properties develops a criterion of testing the concrete quality, chemical action, and elasticity. On the other hand, the passive lateral confinement is related to sample size since it aims to provide a substantial enhancement of the axial concrete performance (Pessiki et al. 240). To this case, the beneficial effects of capacity and ductility are extracted from the samples that have design formulas (Amani et al. 472). In this case, the confined concrete is not only directly linked to microscopic aspects but also on empirical approaches that represent the experimental justifications of interest in concrete ductility. Indeed, the validity of an experiment might be compromised by the use of extremely large-sized samples. In addition, a recent development is concrete science has introduced the three-dimensional constitutive models of breaking down concrete samples (Uddin 25). As a result, computational tools and concrete confinement are used to show the stress-strain behaviour and enable the use of rubber, stresses, and strength of the specimen. Moreover, the collected data is further used on the capacity of concrete confinement and experimental substantiation of the alternative constitutive models (Pessiki et al. 241). In the end, scholars and analysts use verification oriented and idealized experiments to determine the accuracy of an experiment. Summary Conclusively, the above writings have proved that the rampant growth of science and technology in the engineering industry have led to the emergence of complex but effective concrete development concepts that are affordable and impressive. After the discovery of stress-strain concrete in the modern world, rubberized and general concrete has received numerous analyses and justifications on their use and significance in the engineering realm. In many cases, the study of complete stress-strain concrete is a comprehensive topic that focusses on the functionality and components of new engineering ideas such as rubberized concrete. Therefore, the existence of this construction idea has seen new infrastructural developments emerge in the world. However, the determination to build remarkable structures that are durable and affordable has forced scientists and engineers to look for alternative technical and biological methods of replacing the traditional concrete construction. Works Cited Amani, S., et al. "A combined method for producing high strength and ductility magnesium microtubes for biodegradable vascular stents application." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 723 (2017): 467-476. Antil, Er Yogender, and S. Mohali. "An experimental study on rubberized concrete." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 4.2 (2014): 309-316. Chakravarthy, Kamineni Naren. Effect of confinement on curvature ductility of reinforced concrete beams. Diss. 2014. Bakis, Charles E., et al. "Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures." Reported by ACI Committee 440.2002 (2002). Belletti, Beatrice, Joost C. Walraven, and Francesco Trapani. "Evaluation of compressive membrane action effects on punching shear resistance of reinforced concrete slabs." Engineering structures 95 (2015): 25-39. Chen, Danqing. Stress-strain behavior of high strength concrete cylinders. Diss. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1995 Chidambaram, R. Siva, and Pankaj Agarwal. "Flexural and shear behavior of geo-grid confined RC beams with steel fiber reinforced concrete." Construction and Building Materials 78 (2015): 271-280. Dubina, Dan, et al. "High strength steel in seismic resistant building frames (HSS-SERF)." (2015). Dumne, S. M. "An Experimental Study on Performance of Recycled Tyre Rubber-Filled Concrete." International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) (2013): 2278-081. Demers, M., et al. "The strengthening of structural concrete with an aramid woven fibre/epoxy resin composite." Proceedigns of the advanced composite materials in bridges and structures. Montreal: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (1996): 435-442. Hankare, A. V., A. N. Patil, and A. R. Deshmukh. "Flexural Strength of Normal Beam by Replacing Tension Reinforcement as Waste Tyre." International Journal of Engineering Research.(IJER 2014): 330-332. Han, Sun-Jin, et al. "Degradation of flexural strength in reinforced concrete members caused by steel corrosion." Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014): 572-583. Kaufmann, Walter. Strength and deformations of structural concrete subjected to in-plane shear and normal forces. Vol. 234. Birkhäuser, 2013. Kodur, Venkatesh. "Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures." ISRN Civil engineering 2014 (2014). Kono, S., M. Inazumi, and T. Kaku. "Evaluation of confining effects of CFRP sheets on reinforced concrete members." Second International Conference on Composites in Infrastructure. Vol. 1. 1998. Maranan, G. B., et al. "Evaluation of the flexural strength and serviceability of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars." Engineering Structures 101 (2015): 529-541. Mohamed, Hamdy M., Mohammad Z. Afifi, and Brahim Benmokrane. "Performance evaluation of concrete columns reinforced longitudinally with FRP bars and confined with FRP hoops and spirals under axial load." Journal of Bridge Engineering 19.7 (2014): 04014020. Ombres, Luciano. "Concrete confinement with a cement based high strength composite material." Composite Structures 109 (2014): 294-304. Parveen, Sachin Dass, and Ankit Sharma. "Rubberized Concrete: Needs of Good Environment (Overview)." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (2013). Pessiki, Stephen, et al. "Axial behavior of reinforced concrete columns confined with FRP jackets." Journal of Composites for Construction 5.4 (2001): 237-245. Shehata, Ibrahim AEM, Luiz AV Carneiro, and Lidia CD Shehata. "Strength of short concrete columns confined with CFRP sheets." Materials and Structures 35.1 (2002): 50-58. Uddin, Nasim, ed. Developments in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering. Elsevier, 2013. Youssef, Marwan N., Maria Q. Feng, and Ayman S. Mosallam. "Stress–strain model for concrete confined by FRP composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 38.5 (2007): 614-628. Read More

Therefore, rubberized concrete is a modified engineering element whose ratio for coarse aggregates by rubber aggregates in the replacement proportion varies from 0% to 20% with a rapid increment of 5% (Antil and Mohali 310). Therefore, the statistical facts of developing a rubberized concrete require the understanding of physiomechanical concepts and properties such as elasticity, compressive strength, and density (Kodur 278). These properties have provided a more diversified outlook of the key combinations that can produce rubberized concrete. To this end, concrete cubes were used to experiment with the creation, testing, and analysis of the stresses and displacements of the beams when subjected to particular conditions (Chakravarthy 74). The existence of rubberized concrete in the world began with the study of the combinable properties, which can give alternatives to the ancient building materials. However, contemporary studies have explored and indicated the effects of rubber content and rubber types on the mechanical properties of the concrete (Shehata, Carneiro, and Shehata 52). Therefore, primary properties examined in these experimentations include modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, strain at maximum strength, flexural strength, and compressive stress-strain curves of Rubberized Concrete (RC) (Maranan et al.540). All these properties have been evaluated extensively in the databases featuring the mechanical properties of RC from different samples.

In an article published by Ishtiaq Alam, Umer Ammar Mahmood, and Nouman Khattak, rubber is a common product that is produced extensively in the world (Ombres 300). It is not possible to eliminate rubber in modern society since its decomposition rate is longer. This poses the threat of long-term environmental pollution if no measures are taken. According to Alam and associate authors, one paramount method of reusing rubber was to add it to concrete making as a coarse aggregate (Dumne 2015). However, deeper research on the rubber properties such as ductility, tensile strength, and compressive strength was succinctly conducted and contrasted with the ordinary concrete (Amani et al. 475). As a result, it was sensible to create rubberized concrete that is durable, has greater crack resistance, and less ductile, but has a low compressive ability when matched with ordinary concrete. Since the introduction of rubber concrete, better ideas have been proposed to improve the compressive strength (Ombres 300).  Some of the popular ways suggested include the addition of silica to the combination. Therefore, mechanical scholars and structural engineers have utilized this idea, which now has become an essential part of environmental sustainability.

The differences between general and rubberized concretes are endless. However, the stress-strain strength is among the key aspects of their dissimilarities since one has rubber properties (Kodur 141). Before the discovery of rubberized concrete, ordinary or general concrete was used extensively in constructions across the world. In a study led by Priyanka Asutkar, Rakesh Patel, and Shinde, the Method of Initial Functions (MIF) focused on the properties of ordinary concrete called composite beams (Ombres 284). These beams were created without a rubber and were subjected to the stress-strain test. The test was conducted according to bending theory that measures the elasticity and ductility of the materials.

Most importantly, MIF used equations to govern and analyze the flexure of the ordinary concrete in the amalgamated laminated beams (Chakravarthy 85). The strain test was conducted without any assumption of the elements in the physical behavior of the beams. Nevertheless, MIF is used to derive the equations of the analytical arguments and practical methods of elasticity theory of the stress-strain tests (Kono, Inazuma, and Kaku 41). Also, these notions allow engineers to obtain the exact facts and solutions for certain problems such as crack resistance. This is done without necessarily using hypotheses about the nature of the concrete towards the stress-strain to the structural element. Indeed, theoretical and experimental studies have indicated the intensity and effects of stress-strain on the general concrete.

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