Eltril and ltrni iriut Dsign - Lab Report Example

ELЕСTRIСАL AND ЕLЕСTRОNIС СIRСIUT DЕSIGN Student’s Name Name of the institution Task A: Load resistor construction circuit 1. calculate your individual load resistance value Load resistance can be defined as what determines the amount of current which flows through a given component (Sargent 2004). Normally resistors are used in controlling voltage and current level with high internal resistance level allowing very low current to pass through. In a series circuit, the overall sum of the resistance is given by summing up all the resistance in the circuit (Sargent 2004). Therefore in such a case, you simply add the total resistance to get the total load in the series. E.g. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 In the experiment, Voltage is given as 7.1 Current 10 mA LI = 3.1 mA The formula for calculating resistance is given by R = V/I = 7.1/10 = 0.71 ohms 2. Evaluation of individual resistance Figure 1: Circuit resistance calculation Using the above diagram, we can be able to evaluate internal resistance of the resistors in the circuit (Sargent 2004). From the circuit, we are given the possible differences across the cell and the current across the resistance in the circuit. Since the resistors are in series circuit the potential difference can be calculated VT = V1 + V2 +V3. We can use this available information to find R within the resistor R3 above. We now know the potential difference flow across R3 and the current which flows through it (Sargent 2004). Therefore, we can use Ohm’s law to get the value of the resistance and this will be given as:- From here, it is not possible to calculate the value of e.m.f. and get the potential load differences across the resistance and this will be calculated as follows:- 3. Design Construction In the construction process, the following table below shows various expected calculation. The table below shows expected results. Table 1: Experimental results table Current (I) I Location A I Location B I Location C Voltage Measured Theory Expected Measurement Deviation in Measurement R1 R2 R3 Calculated Voltage Theory Measured Deviation R1 0.12 0.42 7.0 R2 0.14 1.45 8 R3 1.45 1.43 5 R4 1.34 1.45 4 VAC 6 6 9 VB 4 7 9 4. Figure 2: Experimental circuit The figure above shows the constructed circuit which indicate the relationship of the four resistors. Task C: Current Divider Circuit 1. Current calculation (i) The total current drawn from the 9v Supply Is From the principle circuit connection, it is crucial to note that voltage is the similar across each component of the parallel circuit (Zheng and Xiao 2003). The total sum of the currents through which each path is equal to the total current which flows from the source of the circuit as noted by Thompson et al., (2013). From the calculation of the current the supply must pass through 9 voltage and this will give a clear indication of the current flow. In calculation it is also important to note whether the circuit is in series or whether the circuit is parallel (Zheng and Xiao 2003). Using the principle of Ohms law which states that states that the .Voltage across the circuit is given by = Current (I) in the circuit X Resistance of the wires used in the circuit (R) V = IR I = V/R Total resistance = R1 = 470 ohms This the formula as per the ohms law. Therefore the current will be given as:- Current = (9/470)*1000 = 19.15 mA This indicates that the amount of current the flow through 470 ohms resistor with a 9.0 voltage is 19.5 amperes. In R 2 = (9/470)*1000 = 19.15 mA Total = 19.15 + 19.15 = 38.3 mA Since the circuit is in series format, the total current will be the total summation of overall current in the circuit which is simply be 19.5 X 2 giving a total of 38.3 mA. The current from the source that passes through the resistance are the same hence 19.15 mA (ii) The total current that passes through RL is equivalent to current that passes through R1 = 19.15 mA This is arrived after using the concept of the ohms law and this is from the series circuit. 2. Circuit construction It is important to understand that in a series circuits, the amount of current is the same through any component in the circuit (Williams et al., 2000). This is due to the fact that there is only one single path for the electrons to flow in the series. In the construction of the circuit, it is also important to consider the size of the wire to be used and the type of the wire (Sargent 2004). This have influence in the internal resistance hence the current flow. The radius and length are some of the key concern in the process and nature of the wire to be used whether it is copper or aluminum. In the construction of the series, the overall setup is shown in the schematic diagram below:- The ameter, voltometer and resistance are strategically placed in the series to measure the current flow. The current flow varies from one voltage to another, this changes is due to different in the resistance of wires which are used in carrying out the experiment. It should be noted that under ohms law, the three quantities must always relate to each other in terms of the same two points in a circuit (Kavlock, et al., 2013). The above figure gives a simple series circuit construction using simple elements contains in the ohms law. That is current (I) voltage (V) and Resistance (R). Task D: Thevein’s Equivalent Circuit and maximum Power Transfer 1. A source transforms the series voltage source and current is calculated from voltage source and resistance That is V/R = 9/1 = 9 Am Figure 3: Thevein's circuit After source transformation, the R1 resistant is parallel to the second R1 resistant. Replacing these parallel resistors with the equivalent 470 ᾨ which can be produced in the second part A second way of transforming the parallel current source and the 470 ᾨ resistor into a series voltage. Therefore the voltage source voltage is calculated from the current source current resistant which will be (9A) (470 ᾨ) = 4230 v After transformation from the source the resistor 470 ᾨ are in series. Replacing these series resistors with equivalent 470 ᾨ will have 940 ᾨ. Thevin current from the equivalent resistor will be I = V/R = 4230/940 = 4.5 A Take the following example of the thevein calculation in the circuit below:- Where:   RS = 25 Ω   RL is variable between 0 – 100 Ω   VS = 100 v Using the concept of ohms law in the formula This way we will be able to develop table which will be very vital in the simulation of the theory. 2. Explain the maximum power transfer theory and show via circuit simulation how this will relate to your final Thevin circuit For any source of power, the maximum power transferred from the source of power to the load is when the resistance of the load RL is equal to the equivalent or input resistance of the power source that is (Rin = Rthr or RN). RL =Rin process is called impedance (Bianchi et al., 2002). The theory states that in order to obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be equal to the resistance of the source as being seen in the output terminal (Williams et al., 2000). In the simulation the result used in the simulation is shown below:- This table gives the various values of resistance, power, and current being produced at different instances. The results are shown above for the two experiment. Simulation results The two graphs shows how thevein circuit will play out in the simulation table and explains the overal results of the simulation outcome (Bianchi et al., 2002) Health and risk management In laboratory, safety measure is very essentials and necessary for any individuals who are carrying out experiments. Some of the safety measure include:- Circuit Protections Do not use more that two high current draw devices at the same time in the laboratory Ensure that fuses and circuit breakers prevent over-heating of wires and other electrical components. This may results into overload protection ( Kavlock, et al., 2013) Ground-fault circuit interruption should be well maintained (Sørensen et al., 2011) Electricity and Flammable materials Keep flammable materails away from electrical equipment Receptacles providing power for equipment use inside a fume hood should be located outside the hood (Sørensen et al., 2011) Ensure proper handling of highly flamable materials (Sørensen et al., 2011) Power Cords, Power supplies You should ensure that you are not allow cords to dangle from counters Do not allow cords to contact hot surface (Sørensen et al., 2011) portable power supply should be used carefully( Kavlock, et al., 2013) extension capables should be removed immidiately after use You should inspect power cords to ensure that they are not frayed or have some exposed wiring (Sørensen et al., 2011) carefully ensure power cords so that they do not come in contact with water or chemicals. Any contact with water is shock hazard Sharp objects should also not placed carelessy in the room. Dressing code The person carrying out the experiment should ensure that they dress up in the appropriate attires (Zheng and Xiao 2003). These include using gamboots, abron and tight cloves in their hand. This is very important when it comes to corrosive elements in the laboratory and may help in preventing bodily harm (Zheng and Xiao 2003). Reference Brener, N.D., Billy, J.O. and Grady, W.R., 2003. Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature. Journal of adolescent health, 33(6), pp.436-457. Kavlock, R.J., Daston, G.P., DeRosa, C., Fenner-Crisp, P., Gray, L.E., Kaattari, S., Lucier, G., Luster, M., Mac, M.J., Maczka, C. and Miller, R., 1996. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a report of the US EPA-sponsored workshop. Environmental health perspectives, 104(Suppl 4), p.715. Thompson, P.D., Arena, R., Riebe, D. and Pescatello, L.S., 2013. ACSM’s new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Current sports medicine reports, 12(4), pp.215-217. Williams, G.M., Kroes, R. and Munro, I.C., 2000. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 31(2), pp.117-165. Sørensen, P.E., Andresen, B., Fortmann, J., Johansen, K. and Pourbeik, P., 2011, October. Overview, status and outline of the new IEC 61400-27–Electrical simulation models for wind power generation. In 10th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms. Bianchi, R.A., Bouche, G. and Roux-dit-Buisson, O., 2002, December. Accurate modeling of trench isolation induced mechanical stress effects on MOSFET electrical performance. In Electron Devices Meeting, 2002. IEDM'02. International (pp. 117-120). IEEE. Sargent, R.G., 2004, December. Validation and verification of simulation models. In Proceedings of the 36th conference on Winter simulation (pp. 17-28). Winter Simulation Conference. Zheng, Y.R. and Xiao, C., 2003. Simulation models with correct statistical properties for Rayleigh fading channels. IEEE Transactions on communications, 51(6), pp.920-928. Read More