Trends in Radio Frequency Operations - Report Example

Radio Frequency Report Name Id Course Instructor’s name Institution Affiliation Location Date Introduction Radio Frequency operation has evolved with time in different parts of the worlds with researchers aiming at finding the solutions to minor problems within RF. With the changes taking place, the developments are made to minimize any other disturbances that may rise during development of satellites and linking of the communications. This report has based its arguments in relation to the current trends and developments in the RF sector with keen interests on the guidelines provided. Definition and literature review Radio Frequency Communication Link Design is design which uses electromagnetic waves frequencies from the ground all the way to the radio antennas so that people or users can have various variety of frequencies ranging from kilohertz to gigahertz depending on the speed coming from various stations which are used for communication purposes (Fodor et al. 2012). It is sometimes referred to as electrical wave (Stüber, 2011), meaning it cannot work without the use of electricity or electrical energy as its transmission might fully be based on cable connection and end point transmission within the wires. RF is generated as a communication link, the radio signal is sent all the way to radio antennas where it reads many frequencies at the same time, allowing everybody who needs to tune to make adjustments depending on the position and the frequencies (Grobe et al. 2013). RF link design and its importance RF Link Communication can be design in various ways but the best way is when the signal is sent all the way from the ground station to the craft, that is when before any frequency is sent to various antenna in the earth, both the antenna in the ground station and the craft station should collide to each other ready to give the same information through the carrier wave which sends information to the earth (Dahlman et al. 2014). The budgert links are created to ensure that the radio waves are received on the ground stations through the help of spacecraft at the required speed and distance. Through the organization of the budgert links, a higher speed is achieved which ensures that the longer distance between this two points are covered in the shortest time possible (Swindlehurst et al. 2014). The ground antenna thereafter is set to receive the various signals from the source where the it then distribute the signals to various user in relation to the channels tuned in different locations. RF link offers an importance to the users in that it allows various users to get attached to different stations at the same time and receive different information without interference on either the receiver or producer’s end since it has developed more frequencies. Data Transmission System Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite is the most commonly used type since it is installed at lower altitude from the earth’s surface (Bourgoin et al. 2013). The transmission of data from the ground system or station and the Leo satellite is vie the radion waves which are designed to carry the waves and the signals within it. Different antennas in the ground stations receive the information from the LEO satellite in the form of data and interpret it for information distribution (Böhmer et al. 2012). The high speed that is characterized within LEO ensures that the information and data is transferred as fast as possible to the end user (Gregory et al. 2012). RF link design and influence factors Factors influencing RF link design include the link budget which is the sum of all the heat losses from the signal to the transmitter, satellite to the receiver. The link budget influence factor is majorly caused when the solar radiation heats up the ground, the temperature then rises causing expansion in the transmission satellites making the information and communication to be lost between the receiver and producer (Vallone et al. 2015). The paths that are characterized with the undefined orbits calls for the use of the satellite projectiles. The shapes that are presented by the spherical bodies in relation to satellites ensures that the design become a problem (Bedington et al. 2015). The influence this shapes have ensures that the designer assume an arbitrary shape with unknown extends which greatly influence the design. The projectile satellites sometimes end up at the unintended locations reducing the accuracy of design (Golkar & Cruz, 2015). The digital systems consider the effects that bit error rate have on the satellites in responding to the information and data. The link margin factor helps to determine the allowable bit error rate that can be used to meet the design target (Bedington et al. 2015). The receiver’s condition also determines the nature on which the satellites would be designed and how the link will be coordinated. The interruptions in the wave transmission affect the positioning of the margins and the gaps to accommodate the information and data transfer with the maximum speed (Golkar & Cruz, 2015). Rain, Terrain effects and impairments produced by unstable conditions of the air and ionosphere is the major cause of RF Link communication attenuation since it affects the strength of the signal from the ground station to the spacecraft (Robert et al. 2016). Low temperature leads to the reduction of speed of the signal and we all know that the radio waves transmit signals in high speed to the antenna in the space station (Rossi et al. 2014). Path loss is the distance in which the signal in the radio waves moves all the way from the transmitter to the receiver, and also in accordance with the height and the location of the antennas both in the ground station and in the spacecraft (Adegoke, 2014). It can also be electromagnetic waves which passes its communication through wireless signals. Path loss are most influenced by the environmental factors such as vegetation, expansion of the radio waves from the transmitter to the receiver it sometimes causing some of the frequencies not to be received by the receiver thus the lesser the frequencies is being reached, sometimes radio waves is being interfered with some opaque objects and other phenomena (Grobe, 2013). The major purpose of calculating noise temperature of receiver system is that it computes the noise power of the communication link, that is when the carrier wave has been oscillated all the way from the spacecraft and transmitted to the ground station via the antenna, the antenna in the ground station needs to detect the carrier wave because the carrier wave travels over a big distance in which it sometimes losses up power and takes the noise that comes in between the transmitter and the receiver (Kiourti & Nikita, 2012). This noise usually affects the information which is being sent to the receiver. There are two types of noise sources, one is internal and the other is external. Internal always comes from atmosphere while external is from the carrier waves in which when it losses power there is change in temperature between the receiver and the transmitter. Satelite link A satellite link is method in which information reached people after it travels all the way from the spacecraft to the receiver at various frequencies. There are various types of satellite link. One is the TV satellite link which enables the receivers to view things in video form; radio satellite link which the receivers usually get information by listening to it (Michailow et al. 2014). There are various satellite link parameters namely; satellite altitude which is the height between the ground station and where the satellite is located and is measured in kilometer. We have the frequency which the international system of unit used is megahertz., this comes in when the antenna in the ground station transmits its signals to the receiver at a certain frequency in which frequency varies from low to high. The higher the frequency than the faster the information is being processed. Another parameter is the noise temperature which is measured in Kelvin. This is when the carrier wave has travel in a very large distance in which it losses power and takes noise in the process resulting to noise temperature (Kyrgiazos et al. 2014). The link gains and losses which come in in the process of free space path length and loss apart from the satellite link parameters, includes elements of the satellite such as earth station, broadcast and cable television, radio transmitter, video camera and many more (Boroson et al. 2014). The earth station accepts various signals from the spacecraft antenna, in which the signal can be informed of data, video or audios (Arti & Bhatnagar, 2014). Broadcast and cable television which connects the individual satellite dishes to the space for them to receive information. There exist two types of satellite link which are the uplink and the downlink. Uplink is where the information signal in the radio waves is being transmit via the carrier waves into the space while the downlink is where the information is viewed by different people with the help of their satellite dishes (Wang et al. 2015). Local area network (LAN) is a group of devices that shares a common link like Wi-Fi in a place like office, school, hospital or any other place. LAN enables the computers in such places to connect to devices like printers, rooters and internet cables (Wang et al. 2015). LAn only allows the connection to take p[lace witghin a small area which can easily be connected by cables. The data transfer among the set up systems can only take place when the cables are accurately linked and tied. No external or intruder can access the communication unless there is sharing of the cable to his or her system. Conclusion From the discussion, radio frequency has evolved and is still evolving in relation to the daily demand of the users. The strength of the growth is based on the users who should provide support in relation to the developments that are being made. Every individual should therefore strive to be a partner in the new wireless system and set up. Recommendations 1. The RF system to be installed and be interrelated to sustain the communication all over the world 2. In installation, every factor should be considered to reduce chances of information and data transfer loss. 3. The operation principles of the satellite system should be made known to people to help accommodate the requirements of every user. References list. Adegoke, A.S., 2014. Measurement of propagation loss in trees at SHF frequencies (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Engineering). Arti, M.K. and Bhatnagar, M.R., 2014. Two-way mobile satellite relaying: A beamforming and combining based approach. IEEE communications letters, 18(7), pp.1187-1190. 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Grobe, L., Paraskevopoulos, A., Hilt, J., Schulz, D., Lassak, F., Hartlieb, F., Kottke, C., Jungnickel, V. and Langer, K.D., 2013. High-speed visible light communication systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(12), pp.60-66. Kiourti, A. and Nikita, K.S., 2012. Miniature scalp-implantable antennas for telemetry in the MICS and ISM bands: design, safety considerations and link budget analysis. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60(8), pp.3568-3575. Kyrgiazos, A., Evans, B., Thompson, P., Mathiopoulos, P.T. and Papaharalabos, S., 2014. A terabit/second satellite system for European broadband access: a feasibility study. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, 32(2), pp.63-92. Michailow, N., Matthé, M., Gaspar, I.S., Caldevilla, A.N., Mendes, L.L., Festag, A. and Fettweis, G., 2014. Generalized frequency division multiplexing for 5th generation cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 62(9), pp.3045-3061. Robert, C., Conan, J.M. and Wolf, P., 2016. Impact of turbulence on high-precision ground-satellite frequency transfer with two-way coherent optical links. Physical Review A, 93(3), p.033860. Rossi, T., Maggio, F., De Sanctis, M., Ruggieri, M., Falzini, S. and Tosti, M., 2014, March. System analysis of smart gateways techniques applied to Q/V-band high throughput satellites. In Aerospace Conference, 2014 IEEE (pp. 1-10). IEEE. Stüber, G.L., 2011. Principles of mobile communication. Springer Science & Business Media. Swindlehurst, A.L., Ayanoglu, E., Heydari, P. and Capolino, F., 2014. Millimeter-wave massive MIMO: the next wireless revolution?. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(9), pp.56-62. Vallone, G., Bacco, D., Dequal, D., Gaiarin, S., Luceri, V., Bianco, G. and Villoresi, P., 2015. Experimental satellite quantum communications. Physical review letters, 115(4), p.040502. Wang, Y., Chi, N., Wang, Y., Tao, L. and Shi, J., 2015. Network architecture of a high-speed visible light communication local area network. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 27(2), pp.197-200. Read More