Bang Box and Flash Point - Lab Report Example

Experiment 5 Name Course: Instructor: Institution: Location: Experiment 5 A) The Bang Box – Flammability Limits Abstract A fuel system and the possibility of an explosion of the fuel-air mixture as the result of the arcing or ignition source were analyzed in this experiment. The method of a big bang was applied to determine the flammability limits (the flammability limits are lower and the upper) for the air and fuel mixture. It happened when there was the source of fire (ignition), and all results were discussed. A probability of an explosion depends on the percentage of air, the fuel as indicated by the experiment. Results obtained were discussed, and the conclusion was made as per the results. Introduction The mixtures of a dispersed materials that are combustible, (for example, vaporized fuels, gaseous and little fine particles) with gasses shall hold fire burning when fuel concentration is in the range of a clearly demarcated lower and the upper limits obtained via research (experiment), known as the limits of flammability and sometimes it is called the limit of explosiveness. The fuel-air mixture should contain the concentration that is having both lower and upper flammability limits for it to burn properly. A flammable range depends on the fuel. Increased temperature or increased pressure increases the range of flammable. The range of flammability is accepted to cover between 4 % v/v and 75 % v/v in the air. The Upper Flammability Limit in oxygen is 95 % v/v. The exact limits of flammability can be estimated via experiments. However, flammability limits dependents largely on the setup of the experimental, for instance whether a flame is moving upwards or downwards. Experiments have indicated that it is hard to ignite the mixtures at a lower flammable limit of 4 % v/v. At the fuel concentration of 5 % v/v, the flame kernel is created, but it could not be kept. Only if the fuel percentage reaches approximately 5.5 % v/v can sustain the flame, but the flame is so buoyant. Combustion varies in the degree of severity starting with and continues up to the extent that it becomes explosive. The range of flammability change as pressure including temperature change and their variations usually are looked at in terms of a percent of volume and temperature of 25 °C and pressure. All the restrictions are applicable for the optimization and generation of the explosion that is common in the engine, and this can be avoided through a non-controlled explosion of ignitable gas fine particles or the make-up of gasses. Achieving a better explosion or combustion of the mixture of gasses and fuel is vital in the diesel or gasoline engines that are commonly used in internal combustion engine. Lower explosive limit It is the lowest vapor percentage of or lower gas percentage available in the air that can produce the flash of fire given that the source of ignition such as heat, arc, or flame is available. LEL is taken into consideration by a number of safety professionals to be the same as the limit of flammability. When the percent of the mixture in the air is at the low level as compared to low flammability limit, of gasses mixture is "too lean" to be exploded. Another gas such as methane has the flammability limit up to 4.4%. When a proportion of methane content in the air space is lower than 4.4%, the explosive effect can never happen even when there is the presence of the source of ignition. Explosimeter designed, calibrated to the particular gas might show a relative percentage of a gas mixture has the flammability limit to be up to 100%. The 5% spread taken, as the lower flammability limit for the gas such as methane, taken as an example, is equal to 5% times the 4.4%, or roughly 0.22% gas (methane) by the volume at the temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. Explosion risk is typically attained by the mechanical or natural ventilation to restrict flammable vapors or gasses to be 25% combustible. Upper explosive limit It is the highest percentage of the vapor or the gas in air liable to produce the fire flash when ignited by the flame, heat, etc. Concentrations at a high level than UEL or UFL are "too rich" to burn. A Bang Boxes is fabricated from the heavy-duty steel that is powder coated especially to withstand up the rough treatment in the LE applications. It goes beyond the type 3 magazine prerequisites and a newest regulation of ATF for the storage and the transport. The little footprint was made through design strictly for the limited space existing, whereas holding a maximum permissible unit of devices. An original Bang Box contain two full-size gas, smoke, SFDDs, NFDDs (flash bangs), two NOVEL caps with 30ft. EATDs, lead lines. Aim and objectives the primary aim of the experiment was to determine the relationship between the amounts of fuel required to get an optimum combustion concentration. Objectives To determine the percentages of lower and upper flammability through experiment to study and understand the behavior of the mixture of air and fuel Hypothesis what are the primary conditions that cause an explosion in the mixture of fuel and air? Background This experiment was based the level of ignition of the mixture of fuel and air the controlled conditions. The gas chosen for use in this test can ignite in the presence of the ignition source. Methods Bang box approach was used. Materials and equipment used in the experiment Fuel Bang box Tape measure Stopwatch Sound level meter Gloves Goggles Results Height of the cylinder = 16 cm Diameter of the cylinder = 10.5 cm Volume of the cylinder =  =  =  Acetone Heights (m) Drops 0 2 0 4 2.4 6 2.0 8 1.4 10 Methanol Discussion The results indicated the difference between acetone and methanol gasses used in the experiment. Using acetone as the drop increased from 2 to 4 there was no rise in heights and on increasing the drops to 6 there was an increase in height from 0 to 2.4 m. The further increment in drops from 6 to 8 and lastly to 10 lead to the reduction in the height implying the optimum drop of acetone is 6. For methanol, there was completely no rise in height as there was an increase in decreases indicating that methanol is not flammable. Conclusion All the possible attentions were taken during the experiment, and it was successfully carried out. From the results discussed above acetone is more flammable than methanol given in the presence ignition source. A hypothesis of an explosion in a mixture of fuel and air could be theoretically caused by the explosion of fuel in the cylinder in the presence of the ignition source. Therefore, methanol is at the lower flammable limit and acetone is at the upper flammable limit. Recommendation Typical laboratory apparatus can still be used to investigate flammability of another of fuel mixture B) Investigation of chemical flashpoints Abstract Experimental flash points measurements have been described in various national or international standards that differ in the validity range and by the specified conditions of the experiment. The method used in this research was as set on the lab sheet. Results obtained indicated that kerosene has no flashover while xylene solution has flash over at 37° C after two minutes and 33° C after five minutes. Results obtained were discussed, and the conclusion was made as per the results obtained. Introduction A flash point of a chemical is defined as the least temperature needed for the chemical to completely vaporize to create the mixture that can ignite readily in the air. Flash point determination requires the source of heat or fire/ power. Vapour stops burning at the flash point in the absence of heat/ power source. Flammable liquids have flash point at the temperature not greater than 37.8 °C or 60.5 °C and combustible liquids have high temperature more than 37.8 °C or 60.5 °C and this depend primarily on the standard applied. When there is a temperature rise, a vapour pressure also rises. Therefore, temperature ascertains a concentration of the vapour of a flammable liquid available in the air. A flashpoint of a chemical is the lowest temperature that the ignitable gas is generated from the chemical. Flashpoints have two basic types of their measurement: a closed cup and an open container. Using the open cup (container) devices, the mixture is left in an open container and it heat is applied in the interval above its surface. The estimated flash point frequently changes in the flame levels beyond the surface of the liquid until their points become at the same levels. Closed cup testers have two basic kinds that are commonly used, and these are: The equilibrium and the non-equilibrium types. In the no equilibrium testers, the vapours are over the liquid, and these vapours are not at the same temperature as the liquid. A known example of non-equilibrium testers is the Pensky-Martensen. Liquid are locked up in the cup (container) and heat is introduced to heat the cup and liquid. Experiments done earlier on flash points showed that closed cup testers have been yielding the lower values compared to an open cup. Closed cup have been giving values of flash point ranging from 5° C –10° C and this is appropriate for estimating the small limit of flammability of vapour pressure but for open cup yields a higher value than that of a closed cup. Flash points values that were measured earlier were varying with the apparatus used and the procedures used in measurement and this variation was in line with the temperature, time in which the experiment took for the sample to reach the equilibrium level after stirring. Every chemical has a different Flashpoint. The flashpoint can be applied in assessing the hazard of the ignitable chemicals. Though the ignitable vapour is generated, it does not imply that the gas always ignites instantly at this temperature, but only that the flame, the small arc, or any other particular locally available heat source can ignite it. Aims of investigation This experiment aimed at investigating a number of different solvents with different flash points. Objectives To study investigate the flash points of different solvents and compare them with the published data on chemicals. To discuss the relationship of flammable limits with flash points Hypothesis What is the relationship between flash points and flammability limits of chemicals (solvents)? Background A flash point is taken as the determinant parameter for classifying a flammable liquid, in regarding the European CLP Regulation, and also transportation of hazardous goods management. In a case of particular little-concentrated solutions of aqueous flammable liquid, an existence of the flash and their flammability do not have the apparent flammability limit. The experiment was based on the study flash point of kerosene and xylene solution at different temperatures. Method The method applied in the experiment that set in the laboratory sheet. Materials and equipment Stanhope-Seta, Seta Flash Point (closed cup) Sample syringe Temperature gauge Safety visors, gloves, and apron Solvents Results and discussion The materials that were tested are kerosene and xylene solution. When kerosene was put at 35° C, there was no flash over. When the xylene solution was used, a flashover was at 37° C after two minutes At the temperature of 33° C, the flame went off (using xylene solution) after 5 minutes Then the temperature regulator was reduced to 25° C while the atmospheric gauge was showing the plate temp was at 29° C no flash point. The temperature regulator was set at 37°C to heat the solution, and the flash point appeared at 31° C. According to published data on chemicals the flash points of xylene solution of 37° C and 31° C. Are within the range of flash point of chemical because a flash point exists at the temperature not greater than 37° C. The apparatus used is the open cup. Closed cup tester yield the lower values for a flash point compared to an open cup. LFL refers to a lowest percentage that gas or vapour must have so that it can burn when a source of heat or fire is brought near. UFL refers to the higher percentage that the gas or steam must have so that it can produce fire when the source of fire or flame is brought near. Lower flash point happens at the lower temperature as the lower flammability limit meaning that they both occur at, the lower temperature. Upper flammability limit takes place at a high temperature as the upper flash point of the volatile material like chemicals. However, temperature has an influence on both flash points and flammability limits. Experimental results would not represent actual process results due to errors from apparatus and the incorrect mixture of the materials like chemicals. Conclusion All experimental results were observed and recorded. The results indicate that kerosene has the lower flash point while xylene solution has the higher flash point. The flash point obtained in the experiment matches with the results published earlier on chemicals. Recommendations A further study for more understanding is recommended in this experiment on flash points. References Glassman, I., Yetter , R. A., & Glumac, N. 2014. Combustion. Amsterdam, Academic Press. Hertzberg, M. (1984). The theory of flammability limits: flow gradient effects and flame stretch. [Washington, D.C.], U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Riegel, E. R., & Kent, J. A. (2007). Kent and Riegel's handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology. New York. Sinnott, R. K., Coulson, J. M., & Richardson , J. F. (1993). Coulson & Richardson's chemical engineering. Vol. 6. Appendix Experimental set up of experiment 5a (bang box) Read More

Achieving a better explosion or combustion of the mixture of gasses and fuel is vital in the diesel or gasoline engines that are commonly used in internal combustion engine. Lower explosive limit It is the lowest vapor percentage of or lower gas percentage available in the air that can produce the flash of fire given that the source of ignition such as heat, arc, or flame is available. LEL is taken into consideration by a number of safety professionals to be the same as the limit of flammability.

When the percent of the mixture in the air is at the low level as compared to low flammability limit, of gasses mixture is "too lean" to be exploded. Another gas such as methane has the flammability limit up to 4.4%. When a proportion of methane content in the air space is lower than 4.4%, the explosive effect can never happen even when there is the presence of the source of ignition. Explosimeter designed, calibrated to the particular gas might show a relative percentage of a gas mixture has the flammability limit to be up to 100%.

The 5% spread taken, as the lower flammability limit for the gas such as methane, taken as an example, is equal to 5% times the 4.4%, or roughly 0.22% gas (methane) by the volume at the temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. Explosion risk is typically attained by the mechanical or natural ventilation to restrict flammable vapors or gasses to be 25% combustible. Upper explosive limit It is the highest percentage of the vapor or the gas in air liable to produce the fire flash when ignited by the flame, heat, etc.

Concentrations at a high level than UEL or UFL are "too rich" to burn. A Bang Boxes is fabricated from the heavy-duty steel that is powder coated especially to withstand up the rough treatment in the LE applications. It goes beyond the type 3 magazine prerequisites and a newest regulation of ATF for the storage and the transport. The little footprint was made through design strictly for the limited space existing, whereas holding a maximum permissible unit of devices. An original Bang Box contain two full-size gas, smoke, SFDDs, NFDDs (flash bangs), two NOVEL caps with 30ft.

EATDs, lead lines. Aim and objectives the primary aim of the experiment was to determine the relationship between the amounts of fuel required to get an optimum combustion concentration. Objectives To determine the percentages of lower and upper flammability through experiment to study and understand the behavior of the mixture of air and fuel Hypothesis what are the primary conditions that cause an explosion in the mixture of fuel and air? Background This experiment was based the level of ignition of the mixture of fuel and air the controlled conditions.

The gas chosen for use in this test can ignite in the presence of the ignition source. Methods Bang box approach was used. Materials and equipment used in the experiment Fuel Bang box Tape measure Stopwatch Sound level meter Gloves Goggles Results Height of the cylinder = 16 cm Diameter of the cylinder = 10.5 cm Volume of the cylinder =  =  =  Acetone Heights (m) Drops 0 2 0 4 2.4 6 2.0 8 1.4 10 Methanol Discussion The results indicated the difference between acetone and methanol gasses used in the experiment.

Using acetone as the drop increased from 2 to 4 there was no rise in heights and on increasing the drops to 6 there was an increase in height from 0 to 2.4 m. The further increment in drops from 6 to 8 and lastly to 10 lead to the reduction in the height implying the optimum drop of acetone is 6. For methanol, there was completely no rise in height as there was an increase in decreases indicating that methanol is not flammable. Conclusion All the possible attentions were taken during the experiment, and it was successfully carried out.

From the results discussed above acetone is more flammable than methanol given in the presence ignition source. A hypothesis of an explosion in a mixture of fuel and air could be theoretically caused by the explosion of fuel in the cylinder in the presence of the ignition source.

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