Electrical Power Systems - Coursework Example

ENGINEERING AND CONSTRCUTION Location Engineering and Constrcution Introduction The study of load flows helps in the determination of voltage, power, and current basing on the fact that active and reactive parts present at all the node points. Other parameters to note in the study are the associate power factors. There should be an indication that the likelihood of operation in the system network is good. The efficiency should be in the flow of the MW and MVAR in the different areas of the system. The outcomes of any almost full arrangements of the inside connections, or the effects of supplementing leads to several outcomes. The changes in the transformer give the position. The maximum performance associated with least losses. There is always a justification for system ability to improve from one level to another. The difficulty to come up with a formal solution as a result of the various changes in data has a specification in as many levels is possible. In this work, there is an expectation to adapt several methods that are useful to get solutions in the actual load flow. The methods used in solving the problem are majorly two: Newton-Raphson and Gauss Seidel Methods. The areas of concern were but not limited to Mathematical calculations of two buses connected by a transmission line with known impedance. The task was to determine the value of the buses basing on the volvate geet another bus. The calculation of the real per unit and reactive power were crucial in being found too. Running of the load analysis was possible with the result of generating the report of the simulation. There are explanations for each simulation present basing on the observations and then followed up with comments. Objective The objective of the assignment was to come up with competent, skilful, creative mind in terms of design capabilities and vision with the result of coming up with fresh, realistic ideas. The result seeks to enable the person doing the assignment to be in a position to see themselves as the Electrical engineers, which are a profession adored by several people, as is it a necessary scientific course. The course gives realistic possibilities of innovations in the field of science. Significance The study will certainly equip the researcher with knowledge in the fields of 1. Selections of programmes and testing the suitable power flow techniques, algorithms, voltage and current distributions. 2. Coming up with solutions for load flow distribution in networks. 3. Power solving basing on algorithms in as far as a power network matters. 4. ETAP Computer applications in as far as software are possible. Applications in electrical power deal with several aspects of which the principal ones are electrical power systems with the associated industrial use in one way or another. There is an explanation in the in-depth analysis of the laws of Alternating current power circuits, 3 stage systems with a balance in terms of structure and the unbalanced side of things. One has to look at the larger components of the electrical system that are but not limited to transmission lines, generators, transmission lines and lastly transformers. However there are other components such as symmetrical items, and even without leaving out the short circuits. There are several ideas and knowledge in as far as power challenges and skills matter. Several case studies matter in the name of the electrical power innovations over the past years that witnessed the coming up of young electrical engineers. There are several components such as rigs used to test the power systems with the use of software such as MATLAB, SIMULINK, and PSS SIGCAL tools. The methodology of work is such that a given computer simulation work applies the use of a basic common learning methods of study with the participants as in this case having to have several tasks such as design specifications. The study took into account the use of tours in the name of gaining more understanding in the practical sense of the system in as far as power stations matter. Findings Answer One: Simulations of Laboratory experiments for low voltage distribution network The distribution system in terms of philosophy has several design guidelines and ideas in several countries. The point here is the each country has its principles that are in effect in line as the only guidelines followed. The innovative idea varies from one country to another, and the result is that each country has a way of executing the design steps considered in power systems. The different characteristics of network design are such that the effect has to have a successful automation with the result of simplifying the life of people. The one important aspect is the network structure that I f put in high consideration will assist the researcher establish a better understanding of the power system. The term distribution in simple terms is to scatter a particularly given item of concern. The network, in this case, is a system of connected lines that are electrical in nature and are to spread the power from the source to the different points of concern. These points of interest now in the study are consumers who are then in need of the power. The power comes from the source mentioned. The is one voltage, in general, which in one case was a low one but accompanied by a variety of transformers to get the various networks of voltages. Take into consideration the fact that a 45Kilo Voltage can be in connection to a 120KiloVoltege network with a substation of 120/45 Kilo Voltage. The use of the 30/0.5 Kilo voltage transformers is therefore so crucial in the generation of power of a small voltage (Northcote – Green, 2007). Figure 1:Network distribution for low voltage. In Figure 1 above, there happens to be one feeder fixed up and a bus bar running at the source that is a substation operating at 30 KV. As desired in the operation the feeder gives the eleven substations. The substation has equipments such as transformer that step up the voltage to 500 KV. The result is that the network voltage is low. There are two energy types in concern. These are Primary and Secondary. In the Primary way of distribution, selection is such that the substations and transformers are the primary system in term so f names. The part that often acts together has another name. The name is the Primary Distribution Feeder. One has to remember that the voltage of 11 KV is the most crucial one in term of power systems for any network. Other systems that do not take into consideration the value usually have difficulties in operations. The meaning is that the manufacture of power system takes in concern the 11 KV for any proper functioning of the system. In the secondary way of power distribution, the receiving of power is such that there is low voltage right from the secondary view of the transformer with the supplication of various loads such as 20KV, 50 KV, and 70KV. It should be put to the point that the secondary system is the end subsystem in any given power network. The secondary system has a radial way of coming into operation as a way to help the proper functioning of several public areas such as hospitals, stadia and government offices. The building has to be constantly on. The result is that the power system has to run do efficiently that the insider or the user are okay with the way the power distribution especially in the secondary category behaves. The are two way of operation and installation of the secondary power distribution. The two methods based on the scientific nature of the movement of electrons and other physical matter involved work. These two ways f plant and predation are both the Grid and the Mesh. Figure 2:Configuration of a Sencondary System. Answer Two: Study the AC/DC power converters For any high voltage transmission, the Direct Current link in the control system is such that links, which can be a connector, help in the conversion of Alternative current to Direct Current and then back again to Alternative Current. For any high power set up, there was no use of conventional supplies. There is the need to use the resistors which are helpful in the operation of converters that are commutative in nature as compared to other that are not. There are also others called the Insulated Gate Transistors that help in the control of voltage which if not well controlled may lead to undesirable circumstances such as the use of too much power which on the other hand is costly. There could as well be power circuits that can lead to the damage of property. If the power system is in the hospital or any other public building, then there is fear for the loss s of life. With the presence of electronic components in the laboratory, that had to be five transistors in the experiment. The transistors were the power converters of the different current systems from one another. The conversions made were from Direct current to Alternative current and vice versa. The amount of the voltage of each of the five transistors was 500 V the maximum OF 12 Amperes. A natural resistive load was present in the experiment either the logical being that such a load haipl to offer enough resistance to the incoming current. The output was such that the voltage had a full wave as the triggering angle was moving from Pont b. The result was responsive and positive in nature as the wave in due to time ran too. Figure 3: A 240 Voltage Alternatte Current device. Important Facts and Ideas: When the triggering angle increased, the output of the voltage hand began to reduce slowly. The reduction was in effect the moment the angle increased. The drop was inversely proportional to the increase in the angle. The point is that if the value of alpha was 200, the value of output Voltage was zero. Figure 4: A half circle Five squares are helpful in the formation of the half cycle, which in effect has 180 degrees and divided by the same number of squares in order to register a 36 other squares in each of the five squares present. Figure 5: Alfpha at 36 degrees. Fig 6: Output voltage (Vdc against Alfa). Where: Vm= 36 × √2 Ø= 0 to 180 → in step of 1 Answer 3: Series of simulation/laboratory assessments The real power factors are the most important parameter in the case of power systems. The value of the power factor is a quotient got by dividing the Real power over the apparent power. The help of a micro-cap that uses other performance functions in effect gets the factor. The diagram below is an R, L, load circuit that id linear and helped in the finding of the power factor. There was the use of the Orcad PSpice to get the power factor. Figure 7:Circuit with a Resistor of 50 Ohms. Figure 8:Simulation of the currents aas per the circiut in Figure 7. We can clearly see that the power factor for the R, L circuit is not of unity; so to find the exact number we need to find the actual power and the apparent power. The R stands for resistor and L for Load. Figure 9:Simulation 2. From Figure 9, the value of the actual power is at the bottom wave as that of the apparent power in the top wave. The value of the power factor is equal to real power divided by the apparent power. Loads that are Non-linear The same step used in the determination of linear power factor applied in the determination of nonlinear power factors. The only difference was that use of a 3-phase way of operation like below: Figure 10: Second Circuit From the above simulation (2), we can determine Ptrue and Papparent by using the cursor. Figure 11: Simulation 2. True power= 0.68 Apparent power = 0.954 The power factor is a quotient and got by: Answer 4: Conduction of a series of simulation Harmonics is the sinusoidal part of a time waveform having a particular equal frequency that is the same as the number multiple of the given major frequency of that system in consideration. The view of seeing the current and voltage as harmonic in nature is entirely correct if seen as parts of rates multiplied by the rate, which has to be fundamental (Francisco, 2006). The distortion in the waveform of certain nonlinear systems and so the reality comes in play that linear loads do not have harmonics. For better understanding of the process, there were several tools used in the process of generating the harmonics of the desired quantity and quality. As for particular single phased loads: 1. Ballast for Electronic fluorescent lighting 2. SMPS units 3. Normal size UPS units Particular three phased loads: 1. Big UPS units 2. Drivers to find a harmonic frequency we use the following formula: A single harmonic produced A third harmonic would produce a harmonic component: Because harmonic, only operate in the nonlinear operation, the work had only 3 phase system to get the harmonics present. Figure 12: Circuit 3. Figure 13: Simulation 3 As seen from above, the above side of the Alternate current side has odd harmonics such as the third, fifth, seventh, and eleventh. The lower side shows the Direct Current that deals with even numbers. The availability of both currents and voltages that are harmonic has several challenges associated with it: 1. Effect of the skin 2. Overstressing of the capacitor for power factor correction (PFC) getting 3. Neutrals overloading 4. Voltage harmonics can cause the voltage to distort 5. Transformers overheating Answer 5:Examination The capacity of the circuit is Real power in that time. As is doing work that is equivalent to the apparent power. Figure 13: Circuit for Real power. For Real power f= frequency, C= capacitance For Alternate power Figure 14: Circuit for Alternate power. f= frequency, L= inductance Since, Therefore, References Yates, J. K., 2007. Global engineering and construction. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley & Sons. Read More