Fluid ( Head loss through a pipe) - Lab Report Example

Head loss through pipes Department Head loss through pipes There are two es of fluid flow, these are internal fluid flow and external fluid flow. This classification is depend on whether the flow id in a conduit or over a surface. Each of this classes of flow has different flow exhibition characteristics. Internal fluid flow occurs in a conduit the flow mainly occurs due to pressure difference in the pipe (Spellman, 2000). Flow through a closed pipe is described by the flow rate which is influenced the velocity and the fluid the surface area of the pipe.

The velocity of flow varies at different points of the pipe whereby its zero at the surface of the pipe, and this is attributed to the no- slip conditions, and its goes to the maximum at the center of the pipe. The rate of fluid flow in a given pipe is not constant. This is attributed to the various opposing factors that hinder the constant flow of the fluid. This factors result in loss of energy of the fluid otherwise known as head loss. Thus head loss can be defined as the total amount of energy reduction of the fluid as it moves.

The head loss is caused by the friction of the fluid particles as they are in motion and other minor losses which are caused by various factors which include bends in the pipe, constrictions in the pipe, joints, among others. The losses due to friction are referred to as friction losses and are considered to be the major losses in the pipe (Spellman, 2008). The velocity of the fluid in a pipe is related to the head loss in the pipe as illustrated in the equation below.Simplifying the above equation gives log This experiment is aimed at proving the equation log MethodologyThe layout of the apparatus was inspected to make sure that the function of each component is understood.

Measurement of the medium and the largest pipe was made and the Q and h of the pipes recorded. Results and AnalysisNoQ (m³/s)AV= Q/AHfLog vLog hfVolumeVolumeTimeQ(m²)(m/s)(m) (ml³)(m³)(s)(m³/s)1820.00008230.212.71433E-06800.0000830.32.64026E-060.0000070690.3734990.06-0.42771-1.22185800.0000830.212.64813E-0621500.0001519.657.63359E-061520.00015220.237.51359E-060.0000070691.0628930.3850.02649-0.41454031280.00012815.238.40446E-061260.00012615.018.3944E-060.0000070691.1874950.4440.074632-0.

3526204880.00008810.118.70425E-06880.0000889.928.87097E-060.0000070691.2549110.470.098613-0.327905810.00008130.192.68301E-06820.00008232.42.53086E-060.0000070690.3580230.065-0.44609-1.18709810.00008130.222.68034E-0661210.00012130.234.00265E-061220.00012231.443.88041E-060.0000070690.5489330.085-0.26048-1.070581190.00011930.113.95218E-0671650.00016530.245.45635E-061650.00016530.355.43657E-060.0000070690.7690720.152-0.11403-0.818161630.00016330.65.3268E-0641050.00010515.246.88976E-061060.00010615.446.86528E-060.

0000070690.9711820.294-0.0127-0.53165The slope of the line is 1.7019 and the y intercept is – 0.5148. This implies that the value of n is 1.7019 and the value of k is antilog -0.5148= 0.305Calculating the Darcy factorFriction head loss is related to velocity using the equation below;Since K is a constant in this scenario, then it can be found by getting the values of  and V from the graph and establishing a relationship as below.From the graph, n=1.7019 and k is 0.305Taking an arbitray point of the graph, (-0.1, -0.7)Thus hf is calculated as antilog -0.7 = 0.2 and V is calculated as antilog -0.1= 0.8 m/sSince, then the value of K can be calculated asBut Replacing appropriatelyThus the Darcy’s Friction factor is 4.

2*10-4Conclusion.From the graph, it can be seen that the velocity is directly proportional to head loss due to friction in that as velocity increases, the head loss due to friction increases. This is a linear relationship. ReferencesSpellman, F. R., 2000. The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications, Second Edition. 1st ed. Boca raton: CRC Press.Spellman, F. R., 2008. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.